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Topic: Totalitarianism



  
 Catholic Culture : Document Library : Licensing of Parents: Totalitarianism Reaches For the Whole Human Race
Totalitarian control of unborn and birth-in-process human life was given to mothers and their doctors by the judicial process in the Supreme Court, manipulated by totalitarian-minded justices.
Totalitarian control of life was given to citizens of Oregon and their physicians when voters approved the legality of assisted suicide.
This is an actual parent licensing bill introduced (dated Dec. 11, 1995) in the Minnesota State Legislature.
http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=662   (4042 words)

  
 FT April 2004: Opinion: “Thinly Disguised Totalitarianism”
Should he not be vindicated by his university (or eventually the courts), the state monopoly on medical education granted to public universities will have been used to punish incorrect opinions on abortion.
In response to the Ontario ruling, the federal government of then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (supported by his successor, Paul Martin) decided not to appeal the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada.
A democracy that loses its respect for religious liberty has lost its respect for limited government.
http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0404/opinion/desouza.html   (2164 words)

  
 TOTALITARIANISM. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to Get Term Papers
In a totalitarian state, power is in the hands of one person, the party leader who becomes the supreme ruler.
Propaganda serves to dangerously sway the opinions of citizens to that of the regime.
Such ruler does not have to answer to anybody or to the state's court of law, for in a totalitarian regime, the leader is above the law (http://www.comptons.com/).
http://www.gettermpapers.com/essay/018153.html   (1194 words)

  
 Lecture 10: The Age of Totalitarianism: Stalin and Hitler
This is indeed what Nikita Khrushchev did in his SECRET SPEECH of 1956, three years after Stalin's death.
Hitler made war inevitable: first with France, then with Britain and Russia and ultimately with the United States.
The totalitarian state was based on boundless dynamism.
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture10.html   (5116 words)

  
 totalitarianism on Encyclopedia.com
A brooding omnipresence: totalitarianism in postwar constitutional thought.
JUAN BARRETO Agence France Presse 10-24-2002 A demonstrator opposing Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez carries a placard mocking Chavez as a friend of Adolf Hitler and reading, "Totalitarianism, No. Democracy, Yes" 24 October, 2002, during a continuing protest in Caracas.
Islamic totalitarianism constitutes an ideological threat, as Marxism-Leninism did during the Cold War.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/totalita_Characteristics.asp   (1067 words)

  
 Swans Commentary: Totalitarianism Then And Now, by Michael Doliner - mdolin13
Congress has now been trained to follow the leader and Bush chose the Justices of the Supreme Court for their belief in a unitary executive.
A party member can even acquiesce in his own death, as in the Stalin show trials, so long as he can think his death is a step on this glorious journey.
Perhaps the Fitzgerald investigations are a sign of moderate Republican opposition to the Bush coup.
http://www.swans.com/library/art12/mdolin13.html   (3234 words)

  
 Operation Clambake present: Scientology and Totalitarianism - a Senior Thesis
Arendt states that all totalitarian regimes are guilty of "monstrous forgeries in historiography."
However, this reconstruction of history also serves to aid the movement’s ideological mission.
History has been a major factor in the identity of totalitarian movements.
http://www.xenu.net/archive/thesis/thesis3.html   (2205 words)

  
 Demosophia: Totalitarianism 3.0
If you had, you'd be guilty of both redefining totalitarianism and ignoring history.
This week, I'd like to vote for Demosophia's long Totalitarianism post.
Essentially, totalitarianism is a form of government where individual freedoms are virtually nonexistant and that all aspects of an individual's life are subject to the desires/needs/whims of that government.
http://demosophia.typepad.com/demosophia/2003/10/totalitarianism.html   (3238 words)

  
 [No title]
And while Rousseau spoke the language of freedom, many of his ideas bore an ominous resemblance to the preceding era of totalitarianism.
Once the first modern totalitarian state had been established, totalitarians of the socialist variety had a model to point to and emulate.
First of all, it needn't be the case that the Scriptures authorized totalitarianism; it is only necessary that historical Christians assumed that it did and acted accordingly.
http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/total   (4412 words)

  
 totalitarianism today
To clear the record and my throat-- Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena led a totalitarian regime that oppressed its citizens and ethnic minorities on a systematic, intentional basis.
check out the totalitarianism search engine swicki at eurekster.com
http://alina_stefanescu.typepad.com/totalitarianism_today   (5783 words)

  
 Liberty vs. Totalitarianism, Clinton-Style -- July 1998 Phyllis Schlafly Report
Liberty vs. Totalitarianism, Clinton-Style -- July 1998 Phyllis Schlafly Report
Two of the principal mechanisms by which the rulers of 20th century police states maintained their control over their people were the file and the internal passport.
http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/1998/july98/psrjuly98.html   (3447 words)

  
 The New Totalitarianism: Forcing People To Be Tolerant
This writer is not suggesting that all U.S. law has already been severed from the natural law, or that Constitutional protections are about to vanish overnight.
Frank was allowed to stay in office when the members of the House of Representatives accepted his alibi that his "gay" lover never disclosed to him what was going on in his own home!
On a cold night early in 1998 a college freshman in Wyoming decided to engage in one of his periodic bouts of very hazardous behavior.
http://soli.inav.net/~jfischer/jul99/davidjpeterson.html   (1772 words)

  
 TAP: Vol 12, Iss. 18. Terror and Liberalism. Paul Berman.
Bush said that in his address to Congress on September 20, and he was right.
They imagine that at the end they, too, will succeed in establishing a blocklike, unchanging society, freed of the inner corruption--a purified society: the victory of good.
Nor do their motives and personal style set them apart from totalitarians of the past.
http://www.prospect.org/print/V12/18/berman-p.html   (4378 words)

  
 Inverted Totalitarianism
Recall the President's words immediately after the horrendous events of September 11: "Unite, consume and fly," he told the anxious citizenry.
With such instrumentalities for promoting uncertainty and dependence, it is almost overkill for inverted totalitarianism to employ a system of criminal justice that is punitive in the extreme, relishes the death penalty and is consistently biased against the powerless.
The change has been intimated by the sudden popularity of two political terms rarely applied earlier to the American political system.
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20030519/wolin   (1163 words)

  
 AlterNet: George Bush Channels George Orwell
Here's a question for constitutional scholars: Can a sitting president be charged with plagiarism?
Somebody needs to inform the president that 1984 is a warning against totalitarianism -- not a how-to manual.
War on Iraq: The Bush administration's comparison of the 'war on terror' to America's battle against totalitarianism falls wide of the mark.
http://www.alternet.org/story/13714   (1139 words)

  
 Legal Definition of Totalitarianism
The 'Lectric Law Library's Lexicon On * Totalitarianism *
Close it when you're done and you may be back here.)
Court, Business and Personal Forms for all Situations and Locations
http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/t033.htm   (30 words)

  
 Black Triangle
But our mayor's language of foreign policy has prohibited us from saying so.
What is more perplexing about Gray's review is that after dismissing totalitarianism, he then goes on to imply that that the US is becoming a totalitarian state:
I'm prepared to stand corrected, and I accept there are concerns about the Patriot Act - even from the American right, but at the moment Bush shows no signs of cancelling the 2004 election and imprisoning Howard Dean for insurrection.
http://www.blacktriangle.org.uk/blog/archives/000529.html   (701 words)

  
 Totalitarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kirkpatrick's influence, particularly as foreign policy adviser and United Nations ambassador, was essential to the formation of the Reagan administration's foreign policy and her ideas came to be known as the "Kirkpatrick Doctrine."
Any suggestions of the indefinite stability of states labeled totalitarian among proponents of the term were largely discredited when the Soviet Union fell by the wayside.
They argue that governments which are often classified as totalitarian may not be as monolithic as they appear from the outside, since they may hide a political process in which several groups, such as the army, political leaders, industrialists, and others, compete for power and influence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism   (964 words)

  
 Totalitarianism - definition of Totalitarianism in Encyclopedia
For him, 'Totalitarian' was the condition of the state in which all activities of civil society, inadvertently or not, ultimately lead to, and therefore perpetually exist in, something resembling a state.
Totalitarianism is any political system in which a citizen is totally subject to a governing authority in all aspects of day-to-day life.
They argue that while both types of governments can behave extremely brutally to political opponents, in an authoritarian government the government's efforts focus mostly on those classified as political opponents, and the government has neither the will nor, often, the means to control every aspect of an individual's life.
http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Totalitarianism   (2257 words)

  
 The Fight Against Totalitarianism
In a totalitarian state, any accusation or complaint is almost the same as a conviction, for the objects of prosecution are not legally well-defined acts but states of mind.
It is fundamental in a state of freedom that every opinion is tolerated, that its expression is limited only by the penal laws of libel, slander, and such.
A power transforming all existence, penetrating each home, leaving nothing untouched, separates life under the totalitarian dictatorships from life in political freedom.
http://www.whitecloud.com/fight_vs_totalitarianism.htm   (5046 words)

  
 CER Book Review Zizek's Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism?
However, Žižek is not alone in his critique of totalitarianism.
This skill at describing the most esoteric and intangible of psychological and symbolic processes is as indispensable to his analyses of politics as to his work on film.
As in his recent study of Kieślowski (read CER's review) and The Ticklish Subject (1999), there is a broadside against "New Age obscurantists," an "adversary" mentioned in his work increasingly often (here he audaciously claims their thinking is "an immanent outgrowth of modern science itself," 215).
http://www.ce-review.org/01/29/books29_monroe.html   (2574 words)

  
 WFF Totalitarianism Project
This state was based on some of the most ruthless political theories of totalitarian political control that the world has ever seen, the theory of legalism.
Totalitarianism is a political system where the state tries to control almost all aspects of society.
The centralization of political power and control of citizens by an authoritarian state are political trends that date back to the dawn of history.
http://www.worldfuturefund.org/Projects/Total/wfftotalitarianismpproject.htm   (6201 words)

  
 M. Djilas. Totalitarianism and Violence.
Social and political relations and ownership--the totalitarianism of government and the monopoly of ownership-are being more fully brought into accord in communism than in any other political system.
Yugoslavia's so-called workers' management and autonomy, conceived at the time of the struggle against Soviet imperialism as a far-reaching democratic measure to deprive the party of the monopoly of administration, has been increasingly relegated to one of the areas of party work.
Stalin said, on the eve of collectivization, that the question of "who will do what to whom" had been raised, even though the Soviet government was not meeting serious opposition from a politically and economically disunited peasantry.
http://www.cooper.edu/humanities/core/hss3/m_djilas.html   (10008 words)

  
 The New Totalitarianism, "hate crime," and same-sex "marriage" - studiObrien
Common to all of them is the absolutising of the power of the State or systems controlled by the State.
The totalitarian begins with a seemingly benign re-education, but as he extends his grasp into more and more aspects of human life he gradually becomes hostile to everything outside of his own will.
We should also consider the fact that in just over one generation we have been shifted from a society in which homosexual acts were a crime under the then existing law, to a society in which homosexual acts have become a government-protected and fostered activity, while voicing criticism of it “publicly” has become the crime.
http://studiobrien.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=105&Itemid=43   (4335 words)

  
 Amazon.com: The Origins of Totalitarianism: Books: Hannah Arendt
Repression and terror abound within the totalitarian state and freedom is virtually nonexistent.
Generally regarded as the definitive work on totalitarianism, this book is an essential component of any study of twentieth-century political movements.
Dictators, Democracy, and American Public Culture: Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s-1950s by Benjamin L. Alpers on 16 pages
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0156701537?v=glance   (2289 words)

  
 Long Sunday: Democracy to Totalitarianism
This division -- conflict -- at the core of society is what, in fact, constitutes society.
This brings us to the question of how a democratic society can turn into a totalitarian society.
While the word 'totalitarianism' pre-dates the second World War, it wasn't until well after the War that the concept was imbued with any theoretical content; previously it was descriptive.
http://www.long-sunday.net/long_sunday/2005/12/as_some_of_you_.html   (856 words)

  
 BBC NEWS Politics Terror 'is new totalitarianism'
This is the new menace of our time
The prime minister also opened his speech to the conference by describing terrorism as the "new menace of our time", and comparing it to totalitarian communism.
Speaking at Labour's spring conference, he warned delegates not to be slow to recognise the danger, as some had been to totalitarian regimes of the past.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3507730.stm   (390 words)

  
 totalitarianism
the practices and principles of a totalitarian regime.
http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/totalitarianism   (52 words)

  
 A Kind of Fascism Is Replacing Our Democracy
Like previous forms of totalitarianism, the Bush administration boasts a reckless unilateralism that believes the United States can demand unquestioning support, on terms it dictates; ignores treaties and violates international law at will; invades other countries without provocation; and incarcerates persons indefinitely without charging them with a crime or allowing access to counsel.
The American system is evolving its own form: "inverted totalitarianism." This has no official doctrine of racism or extermination camps but, as described above, it displays similar contempt for restraints.
For instance, the Nazis focused upon mobilizing and unifying the society, maintaining a continuous state of war preparations and demanding enthusiastic participation from the populace.
http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0718-07.htm   (937 words)

  
 totalitarianism
Unrestrained pursuit of individual liberty was a threat to others, that is to the society, without which individual liberty was worthless.
During the Cold War time of ideological combat the concept was used by liberal democracies to condemn the political systems of communist states.
It is inconceivable that a person in their right mind would wish to loose two of democracy‘s greatest gifts, pluralism (a plurality of power centres) and the rule of law.
http://www.history-ontheweb.co.uk/concepts/totalitarianism.htm   (918 words)

  
 The Hannah Arendt Papers: Totalitarianism: The Inversion of Politics - Part 4
Her anger is impartial in her judgment of a form of government that defaced the world and "objectively" belongs to that world on whose behalf she judged totalitarianism for what it was and what it meant.
The Hannah Arendt Papers: Totalitarianism: The Inversion of Politics - Part 4
What may be possible is reconciliation to the world in which the crimes of totalitarianism were committed (see "The Difficulties of Understanding"), and a great part of Arendt's work on totalitarianism and thereafter is an effort to understand that world.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/essayb4.html   (735 words)

  
 The Hannah Arendt Papers: Totalitarianism: The Inversion of Politics - Part 1
In the second lecture she considered the different kinds of government as they were first formulated by Plato and then jumped many centuries to Montesquieu's crucial discovery of each kind of government's principle of action and the human experience in which that principle is embedded.
The first lecture dealt with totalitarianism's "explosion" of our traditional "categories of thought and standards of judgment," thus at the outset stating the difficulty of understanding totalitarianism at all.
The scope of Arendt's conceptual objectives may be glimpsed in the plan she drew up for six lectures on the nature of totalitarianism delivered at the New School for Social Research in March and April of 1953 (see "The Great Tradition and the Nature of Totalitarianism").
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/essayb1.html   (310 words)

  
 TOTALITARIANISM: THE EXERCISE OF POWER
Other historians, however, have attempted to define totalitarianism by focusing on questions of nationalism, absolute state control, and the leadership of a party and/or a particular individual.
As is the case with such general models, its use for historians has advantages and great pitfalls.
The writer Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) in particular is associated with the study of totalitarianism.
http://www.unlv.edu/Faculty/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c30/wciv2c30lsec1.html   (305 words)

  
 Islam as Totalitarianism
The religion of Muslims reeks of undemocratic fascism; indeed, every country run by Muslim theocrats is a totalitarian state.
Islamic law regulates every aspect of public and private life: it does not differentiate between rituals, legal codes, ethics, and good manners.
Those individuals who do not accept these obligations have no rights.
http://members.aye.net/~abrupt/house/islam3.html   (953 words)

  
 Liberal hawks reconsider the Iraq war. By Paul Berman, Thomas Friedman, Christopher Hitchens, Fred Kaplan, George ...
According to Kanan Makiya, the original expert on Baathism (see Republic of Fear), Iraq after the Gulf War lost its totalitarian nerve and became a criminal state: This explains the condition of its bureaucracy and, to an extent, the mind-set of its people after liberation.
It was a decaying totalitarian ideology that had long since lost its ability to inspire millions across borders to engage in mass acts of murder and suicide (to use Paul's terms).
But, yes, totalitarian movements can ultimately be defeated only in the realm of ideas.
http://www.slate.com/id/2093620/entry/2093906   (2823 words)

  
 The Origins of Totalitarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This book continues to be the definitive philosophical analysis of Totalitarianism, at least in its 20th century guise.
The final section discusses the institutions and operations of totalitarian movements, focusing on the two genuine forms of totalitarian governments in our time — Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia.
The book begins with the rise of Anti-Semitism in Central and Western Europe in the early and mid 19th century and continues with an examination of European colonial imperialism from 1884 to the outbreak of World War I.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism   (247 words)

  
 The Golden Road To Unlimited Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is original free will's shape-shifting evil twin.
Totalitarianism is on the verge of becoming unlimited for the first time.
Entertainment then is the best and brightest weapon of the forces of totalitarianism at this time, because it's the one which addicts us with the highest rate of compliance and complacency.
http://www.rense.com/general/golden.htm   (1308 words)

  
 The superorganism: a totalitarian collective?
Especially the use of words such as "control" and "collective" evokes immediate associations with stalinism, and the brutal oppression of individual liberties.
Insofar that totalitarian societies were based on an ideology or political system, such as Soviet communism, this system was very different from the self-organizing, cybernetic, "organism-like" system that this paper proposes.
The emerging global super-organism will neither lead to a totalitarian political system, nor to a "Borg-like" collective that suppresses individual freedom and diversity.
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/TOTALFRE.html   (789 words)

  
 Amazon.co.uk: Anti -Totalitarianism: The Left-wing Case for a Neoconservative Foreign Policy: Books
Perhaps because he is so familiar with his material, when writing about less recent events, particularly in Europe, Kamm has a small tendency to assume too much of his readership.
In fighting against theocratic totalitarianism (the Taleban) and Arab totalitarianism (the Baath Party of Saddam Hussein) Blair (and Bush and the rest of the coalition) is ultimately refusing to compromise on fundamental values that other leftists (specifically Respect/SWP) have abandoned as they have formed close and natural ties with Muslim and non-Muslim fascists alike.
Kamm guides the reader swiftly through the principled opposition of the Left to the Third Reich and the initial post WWII opposition to Communism in favour of more liberal and democratic government.
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/190486306X   (1341 words)

  
 All Things Beautiful: The Manifesto Against The New Islamic Totalitarianism
There is a manifesto going around stating that the signatories are against Islamic Totalitarianism.
It takes “French intellectuals” to use mankind’s experience with National-Socialism and Stalinism as motivation for a rallying cry to oppose “religious totalitarianism” and a call for “secular values,” which they hold to be “universal values.”There is no doubt that Islamism is a threat to freedom and human dignity.
Thank you to Michelle Malkin, who has a not to be missed post on this.
http://www.allthingsbeautiful.com/all_things_beautiful/2006/03/the_manifesto_a.html   (5026 words)

  
 Totalitarianism - definition
Machiavelli also does not suggest that a prince should always suspect everyone of conspiracies, like would be the case in absolute totalitarian governments.
He only suggest that a prince should act in such a way to minimize tumults.
In totalitarian systems, everyone tends to suspect everyone else, even members of their own circle of family and friends.
http://www.the-prince-by-machiavelli.com/glossary/totalitarianism.html   (153 words)

  
 Brahmanic Totalitarianism
Kautilyan Totalitarianism, Organised Crime, State Terror, Brahmin Mafias and Brahmin Gangsters.
http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/recthist/total/total.html   (30 words)

  
 Political Affairs Magazine - “Totalitarianism” or “Bullshit”
In the 1980s, Reagan’s UN ambassador, Jeanne Kirkpatrick, borrowed from the ideas of fascist apologists of the 1930s to contend that rightwing dictatorships like those in Argentina and El Salvador were “authoritarianstates that deserved support when they were fighting “totalitarian” movements like the FLMN or socialist governments like Cuba.
They also spread through their propaganda machine accounts of the great purges in the Soviet Union (which did occur and were great horrors) to defeat campaigns to build anti-fascist collective security between the non fascist capitalist states and the Soviet Union.
Fascism, which had been just been defeated primarily by the U.S.S.R. and insurgent left forces and Communism, which had the support not of elites and ruling groups but of oppressed masses throughout the world, wasn’t exactly a vital force anymore.
http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/1127/1/96   (1366 words)

  
 Technorati Tag: totalitarianism
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Castro Should Be On His Death Bed Filed under: Totalitarianism — Bob @ 2:00 pm Instead it’s Cuban journalist Guillermo Fariñas Hernandez who is...
This page shows blog posts, photos, and links that have been tagged totalitarianism.
http://technorati.com/tag/totalitarianism   (499 words)

  
 totalitarianism. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
The term is applied both to fascist governments (see fascism) and to many forms of communism.
Totalitarianism is a phenomenon of the twentieth century: earlier forms of despotism and autocracy lacked the technical capacity to control every aspect of life.
http://www.bartleby.com/59/13/totalitarian.html   (150 words)

  
 “Creeping Totalitarianism”
In order to calm the “enlightened” Europeans, Buttiglione eventually withdrew from consideration for the justice commissioner’s job.
“I am the victim of a new form of creeping totalitarianism, which forbids the asking of certain questions.
Anyone who doesn’t accept that is excommunicated,” Buttiglione told The Times of London.
http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed111004a.cfm   (706 words)

  
 Guardian Unlimited Guardian daily comment George Monbiot: Rattling the bars
The only coherent programme presented in the meeting was the one proposed by the man from the "League for the Fifth International", who called for the destruction of the capitalist class and the establishment of a command economy.
If there is no humane and democratic answer to the question of what a world without capitalism would look like, then should we not abandon the pursuit of unicorns, and concentrate on capturing and taming the beast whose den we already inhabit?
While I was speaking, the words died in my mouth, as it struck me with horrible clarity that as long as incentives to cheat exist (and they always will) none of our alternatives could be applied universally without totalitarianism.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1087488,00.html   (1232 words)

  
 Dr. Sanity: Islamic Totalitarianism
Gerecht is correct in asserting that the rise of the Muslim Jihadist fills a gaping hole made by the almost total eradication of the lethal leftist totalitarianisms of the 20th century.
This cleaning of the slate, this break with the past, is probably more profound in the Muslim enclaves in Europe--what Gilles Kepel called les banlieues de l'Islam--than it is in the urban sprawl of Cairo, where traditional mores, though under siege and badly battered by modernity, nevertheless retain considerable force.
There is so much insight in this article, that I urge you to read it all.
http://drsanity.blogspot.com/2005/07/islamic-totalitarianism.html   (656 words)

  
 Totalitarianism Today
Read Trotsky, learn his views, but don't fall prey to the assumption that historical or dialectical materialism by any other name would be sweeter.
Lest anyone forget, as we are so wont to do, Lenin was as much of a monster as Stalin-- he knew when he laid the ground bricks for the Soviet state that totalitarianism would be the only way to achieve the bright goal of communism in Russia.
http://web.pitas.com/alinas/13_12_2002.html   (2614 words)

  
 “Totalitarianism and Literature in Central Europe”
COURSE DESCRIPTION:  Totalitarianism is one of the most horrifying political inventions of the 20
· Hanna Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1948) (Part Three: Totalitarianism, chapters 10, 11, 12, 13).
14.  Hanna Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, (Harcourt, 1979).
http://www.ku.edu/~polish/courses/slav514.htm   (750 words)

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