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| | ipedia.com: Constitutional monarchy Article |
 | | There have been monarchies which have coexisted with constitutions which were fascist (or quasi-fascist), as was the case in Italy, Japan and Spain, or those in which the government is run as a military dictatorship, as was the case in Thailand. | | | The concept of constitutional monarchy owes its origin to the absolute monarchies of the later Middle Ages, where governmental authority was exercised by the monarch and his (or in rare occasions her) government. | | | Most modern constitutional monarchies operate under a written fundamental or organic law known as a constitution, which strictly defines the roles possessed by the head of state, the executive, legislature and judiciary. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/constitutional_monarchy.html
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| | JAIME E. RODRÍGUEZ O. The Emancipation of America The American Historical Review, 105.1 The History ... |
| | The Constitution of 1812 was not a purely Spanish document; it was as much an American charter as a Spanish one, because the American deputies to the Cortes played a central role in drafting it. | | | Although both the Spanish and British crowns had considered asserting more control over their American possessions in the 1740s and 1750s, little was accomplished until the end of the Seven Years' War. | | | While the Spanish Crown officially declared all Indians its subjects and vassals in 1542, Indians collectively never became subjects of the English Crown (save in isolated instances), and did not become citizens of the United States until 1924. |
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http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.1/ah000131.html
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| | [No title] |
| | The Monarchy tried to raise about 587,000 ducats in new taxes from Portugal in the 1630s. | | | The Aragonese provinces were protected from the central Monarchy by long-standing constitutional rights called fueros which they guarded zealously. | | | When Ferdinand and Isabella united the Crowns of Castile and Aragon in the late 15th century, the union did not affect political, juridical, or monetary institutions (Elliott 1984a, 7-9). |
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http://www.eh.net/Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_96/motomura.shtml
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| | Spanish monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | His power is mainly symbolic, because all his acts must be approved by either the President of the Government or the President of the Congress of Deputies to be valid. | | | Their daughter Joanna of Castile (who married Philip the Handsome) inherited the kingdom of Castile, although of course not Aragon, which Ferdinand, still alive, kept, and later left it directly to Joanna's son Charles. | | | The History of the Spanish monarchy can be traced back to the end of the middle ages, specifically to the alliance between Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs, Reyes Catolicos. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_monarchy
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| | Spanish Monarchy, the Bourbons |
| | When the war came to an end and Napoleon was finally defeated in 1814, Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne, yet his first decision was to abolish the liberal constitution. | | | Isabella's son Alfonso XII was proclaimed king in 1874 and two years later the wars would be declared officially over, despite brief periods of renewed insurgency in the early 20th century. | | | Ten years later Napoleon would overthrow the last republican government (the Directory) in France in order to establish his own rule, under which the map of Europe would again be significantly transformed. |
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http://www.donquijote.org/culture/spain/history/borbones.asp
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| | Batailles |
| | For the occupation of Portugal in 1580 and the operation of England in 1580, 4 new Tercios were raised, 1 stayed in Portugal and the rest was disbanded and the soldiers sent in Flanders in 1583 after the invasion of the Azores islands. | | | The reign of Philip IV was characterised by the war in Flanders once more, the support of the Catholics League during the Thirty Years War, the repeated crisis in Italy, the war with France from 1635 and the uprising in Catalonia, Portugal and in the kingdom of Naples. | | | From 1659 to 1665, the Spanish would tried to concentrated their forces to invade Portugal, the results would be three disastrous expeditions. |
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http://www.geocities.com/ao1617/Battle.html
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| | The Count of Barcelona: The Life of Don Juan, Infante of Spain |
| | Breaking with tradition at the Spanish royal court, Don Juan chose to be a sailor in his father's navy. | | | The old Bourbon law demanded that members of the Spanish royal family marry members of reigning or formerly sovereign royal houses. | | | Added to this fact were the restrictions the law of succession placed on spouses a Spanish prince or princess could marry. |
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http://www.eurohistory.com/CountBarcelona.html
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| | The Manila Times Internet Edition OPINION > Royal marriage cements Spanish monarchy, fires succession debate |
| | The Spanish line of the Bourbon dynasty has had a torrid history, the War of Succession (1701-13) ultimately leaving Phillip V in place, though Spain suffered territorial losses in the Treaty of Utrecht such as the loss to Britain of Gibraltar, a sore point with Spaniards even today. | | | Were such legislation already in place under the present terms of the 1978 constitution which ushered in Spanish democracy, Felipe would not now be in line to replace his father, but rather Princess Elena, his eldest sibling. | | | The unexpected March 14 general election success of Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero’s Socialist Party, three days after deadly train bombings in Madrid turned Spanish politics upside down, has fuelled the debate over constitutional reform, which includes the right of succession. |
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http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2004/may/21/yehey/opinion/20040521opi7.html
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| | Chapter 1: The Mendoza Family in the Spanish Renaissance 1350-1550 |
| | Sánchez de Arévalo, Spanish Diplomat and Champion of the Papacy, Washington, D.C., 1958. | | | Enrique II gave large portions of the royal patrimony, the only noble titles in Castile, and the two highest military offices of the kingdom to his relatives, but he made sure that they all reverted to the crown upon the death of the holders. | | | Isabel's father, Juan II (1406-1454), neglected his political and judicial responsibilities, delegating his powers to his favorite, don Alvaro de Luna. |
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http://libro.uca.edu/mendoza/msr1.htm
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| | The Revolution In Spain |
| | While the cavalry is usually inclined to the monarchy, the artillerists furnish a big percentage of the republicans. | | | The pressure of the government upon the electorate had a decisive character: during the last century elections unfailingly gave the government a majority. | | | But the dictatorship bore within it the incurable vice of the Spanish monarchy: strong towards each of the separate classes, it remained.impotent in relation to the historic needs of the country. |
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http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1931/1931-spain04.htm
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| | Chapter 2 |
| | Riots, petitions, and even open rebellion caused the monarchy to back away from immediate enforcement of the laws. | | | Religious leaders such as Father Montesinos—as early as the first decades of the sixteenth century—exerted sufficient pressure upon the monarchy to force implementation of new laws regarding the Indians. | | | The New Laws met with violent opposition from settlers. |
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http://www.catholicleague.org/catholicism_and_slavery/stopskych2.htm
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| | Spanish California |
| | These Californios, as they were called, were the sons and daughters of retired Spanish soldiers who had received land grants from the government. | | | The Spanish crown did not see California as a source of revenue. | | | In the second half of the eighteenth century revolutions in the United States (1776), France (1789), and Haiti (1804), had a profound impact on political thought within all of Spain's American colonies. |
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http://www.inn-california.com/Articles/history/spanishcalifornia.html
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| | CMH5 |
| | For, in case Louis declined the proffered Crown for his grandsons, which of course he would have to do, if he adhered to the Treaty, this same Crown would be offered at once to the son of the Emperor. | | | He called his grandson into his cabinet to tell him what his new dignity was. | | | Since the first month of this year, 1698, negotiations were in progress between him and William III, with the purpose of partitioning the Spanish monarchy. |
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http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh513.html
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| | Spanish Royal Family |
| | He renounced his rights of succession to the Spanish throne for both himself and his descendants on 21 June 1933. | | | See 37.55426 - Infante Juan renounced his rights to the Spanish throne on 14 May 1977 in favour of his son Juan Carlos |
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http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Spanish_Royal_Family.htm
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| | The Spanish Military Orders |
| | The Republic had declared the four Orders abolished by an act of 29 April 1934 but, although this action was canonically invalid, the nationalist government did not accede to the four Orders request for reestablishment. | | | The admission into the four Orders of foreigners who were not in the service of the Spanish crown was almost unknown, and although there is no prohibition against non-Spanish members of the four Orders today, only one - the Duke of Braganza, Head of the Royal House of Portugal - has been admitted. | | | Indeed, the white mantle with the four Crosses was taken with him into exile in 1931 and, on his death ten years later, his body was dressed in this mantle when it lay in state. |
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http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/fourspan.htm
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| | Basque Studies Course Syllabi |
| | Jorge I. Domínguez, Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire, Cambridge Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1980. | | | Vicente Rocafuerte and Spanish Americanism, 1808-1832, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1975. | | | The Mexican political body and the Spanish monarchy: the limits of constitutional autonomy. |
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http://basque.unr.edu/07/7.3.1t/Syllabi/SyllabusPortillo22003.htm
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| | Why is the Spanish monarchy so popular? - Royal Blue Forums |
| | Spain established a constitutional monarchy with modern democratic institutions. | | | Spain remained democratic and became rather prosperous — gracias. | | | The last war, we hope, was in the 1930s. |
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http://forums.rbhq.net/showthread.php?t=913
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| | Spain Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ LaunchBase.com |
| | This initiated a period of turmoil that led to the loss of the vast mainland American territories and plunged the country into endemic political instability, which lasted until 1939. | | | Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales or National Assembly. | | | The Spanish Bishops held the Council at Elvira in 306. |
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http://www.launchbase.com/encyclopedia/Spain
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| | Independence - History - Mexico - North America: form government, colonial trade, french revolution, american ... |
| | The Mexican colonists were also influenced by the political examples of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1799), both of which overthrew a monarchy and established a republican form of government. | | | The Spanish monarchy was also concerned about inefficiency and corruption in the bureaucracy of its colonial governments. | | | Efforts by the Spanish monarchy to limit the power of the Catholic Church also aroused opposition in New Spain. |
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http://www.countriesquest.com/north_america/mexico/history/independence.htm
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Catalonia |
| | This district was ruled by dependent counts from 801 to 877, and in the latter year this dignity was made hereditary by the Diet of Quercy, Wilfrid the Hairy beginning a dynasty of counts who in a short time became independent. | | | From this resulted a war lasting twelve years. | | | Louis the Pious, son and successor of Charlemagne, formally undertook the conquest of Catalonia, which, under the name of Marca Hispanica (the Spanish March), he entrusted to Borrel. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03428a.htm
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| | The Royal Scribe |
| | When Isabella’s father, Ferdinand VII died in 1833, leaving the throne to his 3-year-old daughter, the situation worsened. | | | To some, the term might be understood as just the Crown regalia — the State crown, the scepter and, sometimes, the orb, which serve as the symbolic representations of the glory of the monarchy and are used in coronations and State events. | | | Just under 100 grains lighter than La Peregrina, La Pelegrina also belonged to the Spanish royal family until Philip IV of Spain gave it to his daughter Maria Thérèse on her marriage to King Louis XIV of France in 1660. |
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http://www.etoile.co.uk/Columns/RoyalScribe/050502.html
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| | UCI Department of History: FACULTY |
| | Despite the unparalleled democratization of the political system, civil war erupted in the New World ultimately shattering the new revolutionary order. | | | Recently, I reexamined the process of Spanish American independence concluding that it did not constitute an anticolonial movement, as many assert, but formed part both of the revolution within the Spanish world and the dissolution of the Spanish Monarchy. | | | The collapse of the Spanish Monarchy following Napoleon's invasion of the Peninsula led to the creation of a parliament, the Cortes, and the Constitution of 1812, which established a representative government for the worldwide Spanish Nation in which all free men, regardless of the race or status, became Spaniards. |
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http://www.humanities.uci.edu/history/faculty/rodriguez
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| | Brading (1991) The first America: The Spanish monarchy, Creole patriots, and the liberal state, 1492-1867 |
| | The first America: The Spanish monarchy, Creole patriots, and the liberal state, 1492-1867 | | | Brading (1991) The first America: The Spanish monarchy, Creole patriots, and the liberal state, 1492-1867 | | | Brading, D.A. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge England and New York) |
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http://www.getcited.org/?PUB=102812627&showStat=Ratings
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| | Condor Legion -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | German Legion Condor, a unit of the German air force, or Luftwaffe, detailed by Hermann Göring for special duty with General Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). | | | a unit of the German air force, or Luftwaffe, detailed by Hermann Göring for special duty with General Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). | | | The Spanish Civil War highlighted the contrast between democratic bankruptcy and totalitarian dynamism. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9025129
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| | AEH: EUR.INST: Political Institutions and the Spanish Monarchy's Finances, 1521-1648 |
| | The Crown depended on elites to approve Castilian revenues needed to fight the wars, but those elites were often not very supportive and sought to avoid taxing themselves. | | | Longstanding constitutional rights helped outlying kingdoms resist the central monarchy's fiscal desires. | | | "Political Institutions and the Spanish Monarchy's Finances, 1521-1648." Paper presented at the Social History Association Meeting, Washington, DC, Oct. 16-19, 1997). |
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http://www.eh.net/pipermail/abstracts/1998-January/000183.html
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| | EUROPA - The EU at a glance - European Governments on-line - Spain |
| | The State Secretariat for Communication website serves as a portal site for all the Spanish Government sites, as well as those of the various autonomous regions in Spain. | | | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs website explains the basic principles of Spanish foreign policy, especially as regards the United Nations and Latin America. | | | The Ministry of Public Administration website includes a portal page with links to all Spanish public sector sites and those of the international organisations. |
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http://europa.eu.int/abc/governments/spain/index_en.htm
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| | The Apotheosis of the Spanish Monarchy by TIEPOLO, Giovanni Battista |
| | The lower half of the oval ceiling fresco displays the personification of the Spanish Monarchy, enthroned among the clouds and crowned by Mercury. | | | To the right above her, Apollo stands in front of his sun-chariot, while in the upper half of the picture we see Jupiter on his throne, Fame with trumpets, as well as putti and other divinities. | | | Below the Spanish monarchy, the personification of Ancient Castilia, the most important Spanish province, appears with a tower, below that are Venus and Mars, while the meeting of the Continents Europe and Africa at Spanish Gibraltar is symbolized at the bottom left by tHe pillars of Hercules. |
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http://www.wga.hu/html/t/tiepolo/gianbatt/8madrid/2queen.html
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| | Spain HQ : Gerona Spain |
| | Pictures and a description of the Spanish Grand Prix held each year at the Circuitde Catalunya, Montmelo, near Barcelona. | | | Instant secure online Spanish hotel booking and reservation facility from NetPZ Hotels. | | | Award-winning unbiased guide information, compiled from contributions by localsand continually modified and updated by feedback from users, both resident and... |
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http://www.spainhq.com/geronaspain/index.php
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| | BookkooB : Empires and Entrepots - Jonathan I. Israel : Compare Book Prices |
| | Empires and Entrepots: Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585-1713 | | | Above you will see price and availability details for Empires and Entrepots: Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585-1713 by Jonathan I. Israel from the leading UK book stores. | | | To allow you to quickly compare prices, the stores are arranged in order of delivered price, cheapest first. |
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http://www.bookkoob.co.uk/book/1852850221.htm
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