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Topic: Rockingham Whigs

  
 Britannia Government: Prime Ministers - Charles Watson-Wentworth
Rockingham was the party leader of the Whigs under Newcastle, and became first lord of the treasury (prime minister) in July 1765 following Grenville's resignation.
Rockingham served with the support of the King and the Duke of Cumberland who had promoted his ministry to the King while Grenville was in office.
Rockingham's government was responsible for the repeal of the Stamp Act in February, 1766, inspired by protests in the colonies against the act that imposed duties on all official papers used in the colonies.
http://www.britannia.com/gov/primes/prime10.html

  
 Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
As Rockingham's private secretary, Burke became privy to the affairs of the inner circle of Rockingham Whigs and was employed to articulate the ideas of the party.
However, the Declaratory Act was the "price" Rockingham had to pay to get the Stamp Act repealed, and he had no intention of implementing the Declaratory Act.
Opposed to coercion, the Rockingham administration repealed the Stamp Act but asserted Britain's right to impose taxation when it passed the Declaratory Act in 1766.
http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/c-eight/people/burke.htm

  
 Charles James Fox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
When Rockingham became Prime Minister in 1782 Fox was made the first foreign secretary.
When Rockingham died (July 1, 1782) Fox unwisely resigned over the appointment of Lord Shelburne as Prime Minister.
Westminster in 1781 and showed his support for Parliamentary reform.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox

  
 William Dowdeswell Papers
William Dowdeswell, strategist for the Rockingham Whigs, entered Parliament as a Tory for Worcestershire in 1761 and held that seat, uncontested, until his death.
Dowdeswell was appointed chancellor of the exchequer in the first Rockingham ministry and, although not a regular member of the cabinet, was frequently consulted on American affairs.
During the unsuccessful negotiations for a coalition ministry with the Bedfords in July, 1767, Dowdeswell formulated a policy which gave the Rockinghams a semblance of unity during their years in opposition.
http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/D/Dowdesw.html

  
 cuba heritage .com - The Age of George III, Part 1
In July 1766, Rockingham found his position intolerable and tendered his resignation.
These men did not constitute 'the Whigs' as Burke asserted.
Although Rockingham led the largest group in parliament, he had neither the support nor the confidence of the king.
http://www.cubaheritage.com/articles.asp?artID=81

  
 Church Reform in the 1830s
The ecclesiastical reforms of the Whig government in the 1830s were motivated partly by their desire for progressive reform in line with Benthamite thinking, partly by the need to win the support of non-conformist voters and Irish radicals in Parliament.
The Lords' opposition in 1835, 1836 and 1837 to appropriation of the tithe for education led to its omission from the 1838 Act.
There was no move to disestablish the Church and in the long run it was strengthened by progressive reform.
http://www.dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/peel/religion/churref.htm

  
 Why was there so much Ministerial instability in the period 1760-70?
Rockingham repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 to resume trade with America but was forced to appease parliament by passing the Declaratory Act to ensure repeal.
Rockingham was strong in the Glorious Revolution and had a large political following, but George III did not like him, partly because of Rockingham’s resignation as Lord of the Bedchamber in 1762.
Pitt refused to join Rockingham’s ministry not only made the Government unstable, but he later negotiated behind Rockingham’s back with George III.
http://www.adw03.dial.pipex.com/c-eight/constitu/minins.htm

  
 Erskine May, Vol. II, Chapter VIII, pp. 146-162
His sympathies were all with Lord Rockingham: he supported his government; and there can be little doubt that he might have been won as a member of his party.
Lord Rockingham was placed at the head of another coalition ministry, of which one part consisted of Whigs, and the other of the Court party,—Lord Shelburne, Lord Thurlow, Lord Ashburton, and the Duke of Grafton.
The government was shaken to its centre; and in the summer of 1778, overtures were made to the Whigs, which would have given them the majority in a new cabinet under Lord Weymouth, on the basis of a withdrawal of the troops from America, and a vigorous prosecution of the war with France.
http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/emay2v146.html

  
 Edmund Burke
Burke's practical thinking about the dispute between the British parliament and its North American colonies began with a situation not of his making, that is to say the rejection of the Stamp Act by the colonists, and its withdrawal by the ministry headed by Lord Rockingham in 1765-6.
In 1765, Burke became private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham, who himself had just become First Lord of the Treasury, and was elected to the British House of Commons in the same year.
Thereafter, assisted not least by the turn the Revolution took in 1792-3, he became a largely independent commentator on domestic and international politics in An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Letters on a Regicide Peace (1795-7), and A Letter to a Noble Lord (1796).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/burke/

  
 Burke: Select Works of Edmund Burke, Vol. 1, Front Matter: Library of Economics and Liberty
During the American crisis, he argued for the Rockingham Whigs' position and against the British government's policies in his great speeches on American taxation and on conciliation with the colonies, and in other documents, such as his Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol.
The Rockingham administration fell from power in 1766, after it repealed the Stamp Act that had so outraged the American colonies.
He returned to London with Hamilton in 1764 and, after a bitter break with him, became private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham in 1765.
http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/LFBooks/Burke/brkSWv1c0.html

  
 cummins - pafg486 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
William Fifield was born 1615 in Littleton, Hampshire, England.
Joshua Towle [ Parents ] was born 1752 in Hampton, Rockingham, NH.
Sarah Sherburne [ Parents ] was born 14 Jan 1681/1682 in Hampton, Rockingham, NH.
http://www.cyberancestors.com/cummins/pafg486.htm

  
 A Report on the Life of Edmund Burke
Lord Rockingham asked Burke to be his private secretary.
Burke resigned his position on ideological grounds, although Rockingham’s successor, Lord Shelbourne would have allowed him to stay.
Marquis of Rockingham, to be his Prime Minister and Secretary of the Treasury.
http://earlyamerica.com/review/2003_summer_fall/ed_burke.htm

  
 Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
He drafted the East India Bill of 1783 (of which the Whig statesman Charles James Fox was the nominal author), which proposed that India be governed by a board of independent commissioners in London.
Opposed to the tactics of coercion, the Rockingham group in their short administration of 1765–66 repealed the Stamp Act but asserted the imperial right to impose taxation by the Declaratory Act.
He made a practical attempt to reduce this influence as one of the leaders of the movement that pressed for parliamentary control of royal patronage and expenditure.
http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/EdmundBurke/EdmundBurke.html

  
 NR Feature Article September 15, 1997
His party leader, Lord Rockingham, heartily approved of the Irish Volunteers, whose peculiar position -- pro-American and anti-French -- though internally strained, was congenial to all the Rockinghams, with the exception of Edmund Burke.
Burke's tongue-tied inhibitions about his Catholic associations had permitted Rockingham and Fox to commit themselves to the cause of legislative independence for Ireland.
In other matters, notably American affairs, Burke's influence over Rockingham remained great, even decisive, right up to Rockingham's death in July 1782.
http://www.nationalreview.com/15sept97/obrien091597.html

  
 SmartEngine - SmartGuide ( WWW : whig )
A Whig who supported Catholic Emancipation and favored parliamentary reform in the House of Lords.
Served as lord chamberlain and then became leader of the Whig administration.
The Constitution in Congress: Democrats and Whigs, 1829-1861 ($39.00) - David P. Currie (01 May, 2005)
http://www.smartengine.com/shell/smartpage/whig

  
 Duke of Richmond
Richmond became lord-lieutenant of Sussex and in 1766 was appointed by the Marquis of Rockingham as Secretary of State for the Southern Department.
Richmond retired from office when the Earl of Chatham replaced Rockingham as Prime Minister.
Richmond attempted to become leader of the party, but his radical views on parliamentary reform ensured that he was defeated by the Duke of Portland.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrichmond.htm

  
 CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The United States of America
The followers of Clay were known as Whigs, those of Jackson as Democrats.
The rivalry of Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay led, after 1829, to the rise of a new political party.
William Henry Harrison, the first Whig president, served for one month.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15156a.htm

  
 SmartEngine - SmartGuide ( UK : Rockingham )
Rockingham County Virginia Marriages 1778-1850 Historic Marriage Register) (Virginia Historic Marriage Register) ($17.95) - John Vogt, T. William, Jr.
- http://home.rica.net/alphae/r2dems/ Regional: North America: United States: Virginia: Counties: Rockingham
- http://www.rockinghamcountyfair.com/ Regional: North America: United States: Virginia: Counties: Rockingham
http://uk.smartengine.com/shell/smartpage/Rockingham

  
 Footnotes; Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke, Vol. 4, Editor's Notes to Miscellaneous Writings: Library of ...
As a leading member of the Rockingham Whigs, he was a close political associate of Burke, who nonetheless once remarked of him in a private letter, "The Duke of Richmond, with the best parts, as well as the best intentions in the world, has some singular opinions, of which he is extremely tenacious." Corr.
Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634), commonly called Lord Coke, Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1613-16) and a leading authority on English law.
Regarding the zemindars as tax farmers who worked for the government under private contracts rather than as hereditary landholders, Hastings opened up zemindaries to public bidding in order to extract more revenue for his government.
http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Burke/brkSWNotes8.html

  
 Rockingham Whigs
The Rockingham Whigs or Rockinghamite Whigs in 18th century British politics were the whigs led by Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, who was Prime Minister 1765-66 and 1782.
The rise of party in England: The Rockingham Whigs, 1760-82
The Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party 1768-1773
http://www.freeglossary.com/Rockingham_Whigs

  
 Political Figures
Whig MP, follower of Fox, in favor of limited parliamentary reform, leader of the Whigs after the death of Fox; also was PM, and helped pass 1832 Reform Act.
Whig MP, helped pass the 1792 Libel Act.
Brought up Anglican though his mother was Catholic, Burke allied himself with the Rockingham Whigs, agreeing with their position on religious toleration, and a policy of conciliation with the American colonies.
http://website.lineone.net/~ssiggeman/politicians.html

  
 Rockingham Whigs - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com
or Rockinghamite_Whigs in 18th_century British politics were the whigs led by Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham, who was Prime Minister 1765-66 and 1782.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
http://www.indexsuche.com/Rockingham_Whigs.html

  
 The Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party
Here lay the foundations of `economical reform,' the Rockingham Whig campaign against the influence of the crown that culminated in the passage of Edmund Burke's 1782 Civil Establishment Act.
Anxious though Elofson is to credit the Rockinghams with a clear Whig ideology, no comparison of their principles is made with those of the Chathamites, heirs to the seventeenth-century Commonwealthman country party tradition, or those of the Grenvillites, arguably the purest of Court Whigs in their constitutional beliefs.
The Rockingham Whigs, famous as British supporters of revolutionary America and Augustan forefathers of Victorian liberalism, are the most studied political faction in late eighteenth-century Britain.
http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/671/founding67.html

  
 Burke, Edmund. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
Burke’s political career began in 1765 when he became private secretary to the marquess of Rockingham, then prime minister, and formed a lifelong friendship with that leader.
At a time when political allegiances were based largely on family connections and patronage and political opposition was generally regarded as factionalism, Burke, in his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (1770), became the first political philosopher to argue the value of political parties.
Burke left, in his many and diverse writings, a monumental construction of British political thought that had far-reaching influence in England, America, and France for many years.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/bu/Burke-Ed.html

  
 Whig reasons for reform
They stood to gain - and did gain - much from reform.
The Whigs were compelled to pass the Reform Act because of the pressure of public demand and the threat of revolution.
Brougham, on his election as a Yorkshire MP in 1830, proposed to push for reform; reform was also made a party platform, along with retrenchment.
http://www.adw03.dial.pipex.com/peel/refact/whigref.htm

  
 David Hartley Papers
He entered Parliament for Hull in 1774 and sat until 1780 and again from 1782 to 1784.
Hartley was sympathetic to the Rockingham Whigs, although he did not hold office in either Rockingham ministry.
He was expert in public finance and spoke frequently in opposition to the war in America.
http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/HK/Hartley.html

  
 Timeline of Britain's Age of Empire
She is succeeded by her distant cousin, the Elector George of Hanover, as King George I. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole
He is succeeded by Rockingham in his second ministry.
- A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government
http://www.britannia.com/history/emptime.html

  
 The Old Cause by Joseph Stromberg
As the war dragged on and public opinion in England hardened, the anti-war criticisms of the Rockingham Whigs became more muted.
Edmund Burke, a member of the parliamentary Whig faction grouped around the Duke of Rockingham, had this to say in his ‘Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol,’ April 3, 1777: "Indeed, our affairs are in a bad condition....
But to continue with Edmund Burke: "I can well conceive a country completely overrun, and miserably wasted, without approaching in the least to settlement." Further: "The whole of those maxims upon which we have made and continued this war must be abandoned."
http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/s102400.html

  
 C18-L's Selected Readings, No. 51
Hall, R. "Whig Party Fortunes in the Yorkshire County Election of 1708." Northern History, 32 (1996): 111-32.
Elofson, W.M. The Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party.
"Charles Jervas, Sir Robert Walpole and the Norfolk Whigs." Apollo, 145, 420 (February 1997): 44-48.
http://www.personal.psu.edu/special/C18/sr/sr51.htm

  
 Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd marquess of --  Encyclopædia Britannica
He led the parliamentary group known as Rockingham Whigs, which opposed Britain's war (1775–83) against its colonists in North America.
He led the parliamentary group known as Rockingham Whigs, which opposed Britain's war (1775–83) against its...
He succeeded to his father's title of marquess in 1750 and served from 1751 to 1762 as gentleman of the bedchamber for George II (reigned 1727–60) and George III (reigned 1760–1820).
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=65643

  
 Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party; Elofson, W.M. (Assistant Professor of History, ...
This is a study of the ideological development of the Rockingham Whigs in Britain between 1768 and 1773, and a re-examination of the party system in the later part of the 18th century.
Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party
Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party; Elofson, W.M. (Assistant Professor of History, University of Calgary, Canada); Hardback; World Retail Store - English Books
http://www.worldretailstore.com/item/BE-0773513884.html

  
 Burke: Select Works of Edmund Burke, Vol. 4, Miscellaneous Writings, Select Bibliography on Edmund Burke: Library of ...
One example, despite the title of his book, is Frank O'Gorman, Edmund Burke: His Political Philosophy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press; London: Allen and Unwin, 1973).
A more recent example is Isaac Kramnick's The Rage of Edmund Burke (New York: Basic Books, 1977), which psychoanalyzes Burke as a frustrated bourgeois with a love-hate relationship with the aristocracy whom he served, and perhaps a self-suppressed homosexual.
O'Gorman, a Lecturer in Modern History at the University of Manchester when he wrote the book, sees Burke as no more than an ideologist for the Rockingham Whigs.
http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Burke/brkSWv4c8.html

  
 The County Associations 1779
The secretary of the Association, Stephen Croft, was Rockingham's political agent in York.
Although Wyvill thought that he controlled the Yorkshire Association, and although Rockingham was not directly involved, it is interesting to note that of the Yorkshire Association's Committee of 61, some 48 were committed Rockingham Whigs.
There is a large collection of correspondence between Rockingham and Croft which discusses the business of the Yorkshire Association; almost all of Rockingham's advice/ suggestions/comments reappear in the Minutes of Association meetings courtesy of Croft.
http://www.dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/18reform/countyas.htm

  
 Political Cartoons of the Lilly Library/The Colonial Years
The cartoon shows him mourned by Britain and America while members of the old Bute ministry rejoice.
William, Duke of Cumberland, friend and supporter of Pitt and the Rockingham Whigs, died in October, 1765.
http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/cartoon/tombstone.html

  
 Rae, Life of Adam Smith, Chapter 26: Library of Economics and Liberty
NOTWITHSTANDING the patronage he received from Lord North and his relations of friendship and obligation with the Duke of Buccleugh and Henry Dundas, Smith continued to be a warm political supporter of the Rockingham Whigs and a warm opponent of the North ministry.
Shelburne's acceptance of office, after the king's positive refusal to listen to the views of the Rockinghams themselves regarding the leadership of their own party, was probably regarded by Smith as a piece of open treason to the popular cause, and open espousal of the cause of the Court.
The first Earl of Minto (then Sir Gilbert Elliot) visited Edinburgh in 1782, and wrote in his journal.
http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Rae/raeLS26.html

  
 Burke--AddressKing1777
5, this "address" was intended for use in case Burke's party, the "Rockingham Whigs," found it necessary to secede from Parliament.)
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/pcraddoc/burkking.htm

  
 University of Calgary - Department of History Faculty Members
Research interests in Canadian agriculture; 18th-century British history; the Rockingham Whigs; and Edmund Burke.
Publications include The Rockingham Connection and the Second Founding of the Whig Party, and Cowboys, Gentlemen and Cattle Thieves.
Conversion Narratives and Social Experience," in Russian Review.
http://hist.ucalgary.ca/faculty/faculty.htm

  
 THE MARQUIS: A STUDY OF LORD ROCKINGHAM,1730-1782 - Hoffman,Ross J.S.
Keywords: English History Biography Watson-Wentworth Yorkshire Rockingham Whigs
Very good in very good dust jacket.Clean,tight,bright.Small faint stain on front jacket panel.
http://www.lincbook.com/pi/11826.html

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