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| | The Use of Direct Democracy (Referenda and Plebiscites) in Modern Government |
 | | These cases involved changes in the Swiss federal constitution or the constitutions of the cantons where cantonal referenda were introduced. | | | It was not a ratifying device but a means whereby voters, exercising their ultimate political sovereignty, could make policy decisions in certain cases. | | | The original founders of modern democratic republicanism in the eighteenth century did not look kindly on direct democracy through referenda or plebiscites because they believed that governmental decisions of that kind required deliberation. |
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http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles/ref-pleb.htm
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| | Constitutional Referenda in Australia (Research Paper 2 1999-2000) |
| | Territorial voting rights in referenda were sought, but the Government also proposed that constitutional amendments could be carried with just half of the States-instead of a majority of States-voting in favour. | | | While the history of referenda in Australia provides some useful perspectives on party and voter behaviour, it offers limited predictive power for the outcome of the referenda to be held in November 1999. | | | When the Territory was surrendered to the Commonwealth in 1911, however, its citizens lost the vote in such referenda, due to the failure to refer to Territory voters in s. |
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http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp02.htm
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| | Illinois School Board Journal - September/October: Article 2 |
| | Turnout for referenda conducted during general elections is much higher -- 51.5 percent, compared to 35.8 percent during primary elections and 34.4 percent during municipal/local elections. | | | Table 2 shows that Illinois school boards have often avoided coinciding referenda with general elections when voter turnout might be unusually high. | | | Does your board believe the two tenets of "conventional wisdom" regarding school referenda: that high levels of voter turnout doom referenda to failure and referenda should be timed during elections that have low levels of voter turnout to enhance referenda success? |
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http://www.iasb.com/files/j7091003.htm
(694 words)
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| | Referenda and Primary Election Materials |
| | DS23: Referenda Elections for Alabama, 1968-1990 (State 41) | | | DS18: Referenda Elections for Minnesota, 1968-1990 (State 33) | | | Included in this portion of the collection are the county vote breakdowns for approximately 4,241 referenda voted upon in primary and general elections throughout the United States. |
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http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR-STUDY/00006.xml
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| | REFERENDA 3 |
| | 67% of all operating levy referenda are held during general elections. | | | While the average "Yes" vote is comparable for California (61%) and National (62%) library referenda, the success rate is considerably lower in California (53%) versus 80% nationally. | | | There may be a slight advantage for library measures held during lower turnout elections. |
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http://www.library.ca.gov/LDS/referenda/refer3.html
(798 words)
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| | MEDIA MISREPRESENTS CAMPAIGN LIFE ON ABORTION REFERENDA |
| | Hughes instead emphasized that CLC has always opposed referenda as a way of resolving the life and death abortion and euthanasia issues. | | | The story, headlined in the Ottawa Citizen as "Anti-abortion group favours referendum" gave the mistaken impression that CLC supports the concept of a referendum on abortion. | | | His reply to that hypothetical situation was incorrectly written and headlined as though CLC favours referenda. |
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http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2000/nov/00110202.html
(291 words)
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| | Act on National Referenda (SFS 1979:369) |
| | Voting rights in referenda are granted to those who are entitled to vote in elections to the Riksdag. | | | If the referendum takes place in connection with an election to the Riksdag, those voters referred to who wish to participate both in the referendum and in the election must cast their votes in the referendum at the same time as they vote in the election. | | | The Central Election Authority referred to in Chapter 1, Section 15 of the Swedish Elections Act (1997:157) is also the central authority for referenda. |
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http://www.val.se/international/actref.html
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| | Initiatives and Referenda |
| | The only referenda that may be introduced in the Youth Legislature are Constitutional Amendments. | | | Referenda so passed will appear on the Tuesday evening election ballot for voter approval. | | | Qualifying Initiatives will appear on the ballot at the Tuesday night election for voter approval. |
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http://home.mcn.net/~montanabw/referenda.html
(884 words)
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| | The Medical Marihuana Referenda Movement in America: Federalism Implications (testimony) |
| | The medical marihuana referenda movement is a small part of that larger effort, but it brings to the fore the hypocrisy of those who invoke federalism selectively for their own political purposes. | | | For more than two decades now the federalism movement has been calling for returning power to the states and, even more, to the people--which is nothing less than a call for restoring constitutional government in this nation. | | | California and Arizona thus join Virginia and Connecticut, whose legislatures in 1979 and 1981, respectively, enacted similar legislation. |
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http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-rp100197.html
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| | Library Journal - The Good Fight--Library Referenda 2004 |
| | Eighteen states had operating referenda on the ballot, led by the traditional hotbeds of electoral library politics: Michigan with 14, Illinois with 13, and California with nine. | | | A true hotbed of library support this past year was the state of Texas, where all three operating referenda passed, as did all five building referenda. | | | Summer voters smiled on libraries with a 95% passage rate, with voters in the beginning of the year only smiling 61% of the time and voters at the end of the year only saying Yes to 58%. |
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http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA509760.html?display=FeaturesNews&industry=Features&industryid=1987&verticalid=151
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| | The Holden Republic: Binding referenda and the republic |
| | Such petitions would be to the Sovereign (read: Governor-General or President) who would be constitutionally bound to rescind their assent to the legislation in question if a majority of electors voted the legislation down. | | | NB: all opinions expressed on this site are those of the author, and may or may not coincide the views and policies of the Republican Movement. | | | So far as the republic goes, aside from the anti-Supreme Court musing of Voters Voice, apart from constitutional referenda I see little place for BCIR in a system of government that symbollically and constitutionally gives real 'people power'. |
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http://www.holdenrepublic.org.nz/2004/08/binding-referenda-and-republic.html
(536 words)
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| | Referenda and Primary Election Data [United States] Series |
| | Included in the statewide referenda data from 1968-1990 are the county vote breakdowns for approximately 4,241 referenda voted on in primary and general elections throughout the United States. | | | The datasets include election returns at the county and state levels for primary and general elections on statewide referenda, constitutional amendments, state House and Senate joint resolutions, and initiated measures. | | | The data also document county-level returns for most gubernatorial, senatorial, and congressional primary elections. |
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http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR-SERIES/00065.xml
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| | Referenda Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography |
| | This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. | | | Thus the direct vote that adopted the constitution of the modern Republic of Ireland is referred to as a 'plebiscite' while every subsequent such direct vote has been described as a 'referendum'. | | | Due to the specific mention of referenda in the Australian constitution, non-constitutional referenda are usually termed plebescites in Australia. |
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http://popularityguide.com/encyclopedia/Referenda
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| | Referenda in Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Recently, in 2004, Nova Scotia held a referendum on whether to allow "Sunday shopping." British Columbia held a referendum on electoral reform on May 17, 2005 in conjunction with the provincial election that year. | | | The first two saw voters in Québec and the rest of Canada take dramatically opposing stands, the third saw most of the voters take a stand dramatically opposed to that of the politicians in power. | | | The provinces of Canada have held a variety of referenda on various issues over the years. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referenda_in_Canada
(537 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | As part of the dissemination of information, a state employee may state that the Governor is supportive of the referenda. | | | State employees, in the course of their official duties, can urge people to go to the polls and vote on November 5th as long as there is no recommendation that they vote a particular way. | | | On the other hand, a cabinet secretary who participates in a forum solely for the purpose of advocating passage of a referendum may not use state resources. |
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http://www.nv.cc.va.us/loudoun/bond/StateEmployeeGuidelines.doc
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| | IssuesPA - Referenda on Local School Tax Increases |
| | City councils or county commissioners are not required to seek voter approval for tax increases, nor is the state legislature. | | | In essence, required referenda would take much of the revenue-raising authority away from school boards and give it to voters. | | | It would allow voters to initiate property tax relief by overriding action - or inaction - of their elected school board. |
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http://www.issuespa.net/articles/8881
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| | IASA Publications - Illinois School Referenda Election Results |
| | Results of the February 27 referenda on questions to raise school district tax rates and to issue bonds reveal that 5 of the 7 questions, or 71%, were successful and that 2, or 29% of the questions were defeated. | | | Illinois School Referenda Election Results - February 27, 2001 | | | IASA Publications - Illinois School Referenda Election Results |
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http://www.iasaedu.org/publications/ref22701.htm
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| | Constitutional Limits On Referenda |
| | In an interview October 16, Daniel Lowenstein, a law professor at the University of California in Los Angeles and an expert on ballot initiatives and referenda, explains that the United States "has never held a national referendum and referenda are not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. | | | Lowenstein, who recently published a book on U.S. election law, says opinions about referenda and ballot initiatives also differ among constitutional scholars. | | | Governments in totalitarian countries can appear democratic by holding a plebiscite; but, by limiting the voting options, they reduce the election to a meaningless facade," he says. |
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http://usinfo.org/oap/NA11.htm
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| | ALA Referenda Roundup, 1998 |
| | Nineteen public library referenda questions in 15 voting districts were on the ballot statewide. | | | St. Tammany Parish voters agreed to renew a 6.33-mill property tax used to operate the parish's 11 public libraries. | | | American Libraries' state-by-state roundup of library referenda and other local ballot measures is based on reports from state library agencies and other sources. |
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http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/selectedarticles/referendaroundup1998.htm
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| | Palmer's Oz Politics |
| | Referenda: Allow electors in territories to vote at referenda. | | | Retirement of judges: Provide for the retirement age of judges in Federal courts. | | | The Australian Parliamentary Library's reseach paper on the history of Constitutional Referenda in Australia |
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http://www.ozpolitics.info/data/ref.htm
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| | Jakobsson-Hatay, Cyprus: Referenda & Future |
| | After intercommunal talks in Nicosia and four party deliberations in a remote location at Bürgenstock, Switzerland, both ending inconclusively, Kofi Annan presented the fifth (final?) revised version of the plan on the 31st of March. | | | While nearly two-thirds of the Turkish Cypriot electorate had voted yes, the proposal had been rejected by three out of four Greek Cypriot voters. | | | Drafted by the U.N. in close consultation‚ with the parties, and first tabled in November 2002, the Annan Plan envisages the political reunification of the island along the lines of a federal state under a power-sharing regime. |
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http://www.transnational.org/forum/meet/2004/Jak_Hatay_CyprusRef.html
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| | 1999 Referenda-Summary of Results (Research Note 19 1999-2000) |
| | Bennett and S. Brennan, 'Constitutional Referenda in Australia', Research Paper, no. 2, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 1999. | | | Both proposals were defeated, having failed to achieve a majority overall and a majority in any State (see Table 1). | | | Prior to the 1999 referenda, 42 proposals to change the Constitution had been voted upon by the Australian electorate on 18 separate occasions. |
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http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1999-2000/2000rn19.htm
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| | Referenda - Paper Voting Option - The Motion |
| | That it is the right of every full Union member to vote in referenda and have confidence in the voting system. | | | Although the Union Constitution contains a clause (see below) asserting the right of all Full Union Members to vote in elections there is currently no clause protecting the right of all full members to vote in Referenda. | | | That Paper Voting should be open to all members for at least five office hours during each referendum polling period. |
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http://paper.50webs.com/motiontext.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Politically, voters in California and Washington passed referenda in 1995 and 1998 banning the use of affirmative action, and state schools there have implemented new admissions policies such as percentage-based admissions and minority recruitment to attain the same goals as before through permissible means. | | | The top state schools in these states saw a decline in black and Hispanic representation in their incoming classes immediately after these decisions, but have recovered somewhat since then. | | | Affirmative action is an umbrella term for race-conscious programs that seek to attain a racial distribution within areas such as college admissions and government contracting closer to the racial distribution of the general population. |
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http://www.newsaic.com/ftvww56n.html
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| | Romania and the need for fair referenda |
| | The referendum took place on 18 and 19 October 2003 and by the end of the month the new constitution entered into force by the decision of almost 90% of voters. | | | After a series of EU referenda in the acceding states it was turn of Romania to get its citizens to decide on an issue of essential importance: the revision of constitution. |
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http://www.european-referendum.org/up/up79.html
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| | IASB School Board News Bulletin: March, 2003 |
| | The April 1 ballot will offer voters a chance to decide the fate of roughly 107 school district finance referenda across the state, according to unofficial State Board of Elections figures. | | | Most Americans say school vouchers not the answer | | | Source: Illinois State Board of Elections, Web site search, March 7, 2003. |
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http://www.iasb.com/files/nb0303.htm
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| | TCF - Land Preservation - Open Space Referenda Passed |
| | And in Homer Township in Will County, voters approved with 65 percent support an $8 million bond measure for open space. | | | Kane and Will Counties - April 5, 2005 | | | April 5, 2005 was a big fundraising day for open space in Kane and Will Counties as referenda went four-for-four that day. |
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http://www.theconservationfoundation.org/tcf/lp/referenda.asp
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| | CLPI: Ballot Initiatives |
| | An initiative is a procedure by which a specified number of voters propose a statute, constitutional amendment, or ordinance and compel a popular vote on its adoption. | | | All states have provisions of some kind permitting citizens to vote directly on legislation. | | | Under the 1976 lobby law, IRS regulations recognize that in referenda, initiatives, and similar procedures, the public itself is the legislature. |
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http://www.clpi.org/ballot_initiatives.html
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| | Referenda will assess opinion on presidential search, R/O week |
| | Three referenda approved by the Undergraduate Association Council will appear on the UA election ballots on March 14. | | | Referenda will assess opinion on presidential search, R/O week | | | The first question asks, "Do you believe that the committees responsible for choosing the next president of MIT were too secretive about the process and candidates?" The second reads, "Do you believe that students should have had more control over the search for the next president of MIT?" |
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http://www-tech.mit.edu/V110/N10/uaref.10n.html
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| | 9news.com News Mayor takes plunge for Referenda C & D |
| | The statewide election on Referenda C and D is Tuesday, November 1. | | | DENVER - The man who became known for riding a motor scooter in his first campaign ad is now jumping out of planes. | | | In the ad, Hickenlooper is falling at 130 miles per hour when he says that because of a glitch in the Taxpayers Bill of Rights (TABOR) the amount of money the state can spend on education, health care and transportation is "falling and faaaaaling!" |
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http://www.9news.com/acm_news.aspx?OSGNAME=KUSA&IKOBJECTID=ed8175e3-0abe-421a-001c-21f1275af0fa&TEMPLATEID=0c76dce6-ac1f-02d8-0047-c589c01ca7bf
(346 words)
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| | Referenda/Amendments/Initiatives |
| | With the upcoming election, I am reminded of the difficulty I have with keeping referenda and proposed amendments straight. | | | A referendum is a proposed amendment (at least all referenda on the CO ballot this year) "referred" to the people to vote on. | | | I think a proposed amendment to the Colorado constitution involves an amendment already debated, worked out, and passed by the legislature and is waiting on approval by popular election? |
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http://www.law.du.edu/chen/ConLawIDiscussion2002/_disc9/00000024.htm
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| | NBC15 Mayor Supports Referenda For Madison Schools |
| | A number of Madison's former mayors came out today in support of the referenda, saying healthy schools fuel a healthy city. | | | Referenda supporters also say schools in a more diverse community like Madison cost more to run. | | | Madison students excel at the SAT, scoring above the state and national averages last year. |
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http://nbc15.madison.com/home/headlines/1560021.html
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| | Voters Influence Water Policy With Initiatives, Referenda |
| | This lack of confidence in, even distrust of, elected representatives is an oft used argument in support of initiatives and referenda. | | | Once on the ballot, the odds of "success" (defined as "yes" votes for constitutional amendments and initiatives and "no" votes for referenda) have remained rock-constant: 50 percent in the 70s, 50 percent in the 80s and 48 percent thus far in the 90s. | | | Arizona citizens regularly take advantage of their constitutionally granted right to either propose legislation or a constitutional amendment or repeal a legislative act. |
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http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/arroyo/084vote.html
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| | Referenda |
| | For even though Denmark is a representative democracy, the Constitutional Act lays down that there are situations in which all citizens of the country may or shall be directly involved in a decision, and where the voters have the last word. | | | As consultative referenda are not mentioned in the Constitutional Act, the Folketing can, at all times, decide to hold consultative referenda. | | | What is more, politicians can, at national level as well as in the counties and local authorities, decide to hold consultative referenda. |
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http://www.folketinget.dk/BAGGRUND/00000047/00232629.htm
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| | Global Exchange : Petitions for Recall Referenda against Legislators in Venezuela Mostly Unsuccessful |
| | All of the remaining 30 petitions submitted by the opposition failed to collect signatures of 20% of voters in the legislator's district. | | | The results are preliminary because they represent only 23 of the 37 petitions for recall referenda against opposition legislators that the pro-government coalition parties submitted to the CNE. | | | Caracas, April 7, 2004—Of the 37 petitions for recall referenda against opposition legislators that the pro-government coalition turned in, so far only two of the petitions had sufficient valid signatures for recall referenda to be activated, according to preliminary results presented by the electoral council (CNE). |
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http://www.globalexchange.org/tours/venezuela/1714.html
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| | UA condemns AEPi, approves referenda |
| | The council also approved changes in two of the three referenda being voted on in a two-day special election that began yesterday. | | | In addition, the council changed the wording of two of the three referenda for this week's special election, approved a new budget, and elected new officers. | | | The AEPi resolution, which passed by a vote of 20-3-7, was introduced to the council by Sean R. Findlay '90 and Christopher C. Walton '90, two of the fraternity's former members. |
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http://www-tech.mit.edu/V110/N25/uac.25n.html
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| | School Information System: School Referenda |
| | Actually, what I said was there was plenty of time for the school board to prepare new referenda questions for a November election, when we would otherwise be voting. | | | This reporter does a terrific job of covering school issues, and doing so fairly. | | | In order to clarify what I said to the reporter in the May 18 story entitled Mayor Urges Yes Vote for Schools, I sent the following letter to the CapTimes: |
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http://www.schoolinfosystem.org/archives/2005/05/school_referend.php
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| | New Forest District Council: Referenda |
| | The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (www.hmso.gov.uk) establishes a fixed legal framework for the conduct of any referendum held across the UK or in England. | | | A recent Act of Parliament has enabled referenda on regional assemblies in England to be held. | | | It also applies to regional referenda in England. |
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http://www.rockbourne-pc.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=3761
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| | Constitutional Amendment Creates Direct Democracy by Nationwide Initiatives |
| | State governments should place state referenda on the ballot to let voters decide if the State will support this Amendment. | | | In any hesitant States that require referendum approval on issues such as bonds, Voters have some linkage to urge that the Amendment be put to referendum. | | | This will also help establish the Amendment’s wording, gain nationwide recognition, and build momentum towards its ratification. |
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http://www.cusdi.org
(1200 words)
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| | The Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993 |
| | Produced by the Law Reform Division, Department of Justice, 1994. | | | You should consult the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993 and its regulations for other important details. | | | The Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993 allows any |
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http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/other/pamphlets/citizen_referendum/page_1.html
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| | Oregon Blue Book Initiative, Referendum and Recall Introduction |
| | The initiative and referendum became known nationally as the “Oregon System,” and adoption of these popular legislative tools put Oregon in the vanguard of progressive and enlightened politics, allowing the people to propose new laws or change the State Constitution through a general election ballot measure. | | | The 1993 legislature amended state law to require ballot measures to be numbered 1-99 before numbering begins again at 1. | | | The list on the next pages includes legislative referrals, referenda and statewide initiatives. |
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http://bluebook.state.or.us/state/elections/elections09.htm
(446 words)
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| | Essay on the use of focus groups and referenda in the UK |
| | the use of focus groups and referenda in the UK Title: the use of focus groups and referenda in the UK Category: Law & Government / Government & Politics | | | Of course referenda can only be used for the right reasons and to use them to avoid responsibility is to weaken the position of government. | | | Referenda are much the same as focus groups, if they are used in moderation then they can prove extremely useful, however overuse can lead to distortions of democracy. |
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http://www.dedicatedwriters.com/paper/the_use_of_focus_groups_and_re-15400.html
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