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Topic: Radicalism (historical)



  
 Radicalism (historical) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historically, early radical aims of liberty and electoral reform in Great Britain widened with the American Revolution and French Revolution so that some radicals sought republicanism, abolition of titles, redistribution of property and freedom of the press.
In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars it was technically illegal in France to openly advocate republicanism until 1848, so republicans usually called themselves radicals and the term "radical" came to mean a republican or supporter of universal manhood suffrage.
The Radical movement had its beginnings at a time of tension between the American colonies and Great Britain, with the first Radicals, angry at the state of the House Of Parliamentary Representation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)   (2202 words)

  
 MINNESOTA RADICALISM PROJECT: An Inventory of Its Records
The Radical Press in Minnesota, 1900-1960, the typescript survey of Minnesota Historical Society holdings, was finished in 1989, and the bibliography, Radicalism in Minnesota, 1990-1960, was published in1994 by the Minnesota Historical Society Press.
Historical information on the Minnesota Radicalism Project was taken from the project's brochure, the introduction to Radicalism in Minnesota, 1900-1960, and from the collection.
Research and administrative files created by the Minnesota Radicalism Project (MRP), a project operated under the auspices of the Minnesota Historical Society from 1986 to 1989, which culminated in the publication of the bibliography, Radicalism in Minnesota, 1900-1960, a survey of Minnesota Historical Society holdings: The Radical Press in Minnesota, 1900-1960, and a symposium.
http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00518.html   (2007 words)

  
 Research - Kansas State Historical Society
Rogers was editor of Newton's Kansas Commoner and an early leader of the ULP in Kansas before moving to Washington in 1890, where he served two terms as governor.
Doctoral dissertation completed in 1976; Rogers (1838-1901) lived in Harvey County from 1876-1890, before moving to Washington where he became Populist governor in 1897.
Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics.
http://www.kshs.org/research/collections/documents/bibliographies/political/populismandradicalpolitics.htm   (2124 words)

  
 Socialism, Cooperative and Republican
Though restricted under martial law, radicals marshalled their forces in the fall, reconvening clubs and Luxembourg delegates.
The efforts of Ledru-Rollin, minister of interior, to appoint radicals as regional commissioners and to promote the socialist program were to little avail.
), or simply radicalism, republican socialism was the main popular movement for social reforms in 1848.
http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/rz/soccoop.htm   (1580 words)

  
 Radical History by Harvey Klehr & John Earl Haynes
Writing in Radical History Review in 1994, Buhle judged Truman as “America’s Stalin” and went on to declare, “when the judgment of the twentieth century’s second half is made, every American president will be seen as a jerk.
At a brief stop-over at graduate school in Connecticut he started Radical America, a journal devoted to American history and popular culture, before arriving at the University of Wisconsin in Madison in 1967 for further graduate training.
aul Buhle is a faculty member in American Civilization at Brown University and one of the luminaries in the study of American radicalism.
http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/jun02/buhle.htm   (3734 words)

  
 Capitalism, Marxism, and the Black Radical Tradition
For the purposes of liberation, it is not necessary for Black radicalism to shadow or reiterate the world-system.
As a peevish and perverse inversion of the political culture and racialism which had been used to justify the worst excesses of the exploitation and oppression of Black people, it served as a fictive radicalism, a surrogate mirage of the Black struggle.
Morse: Black Marxism is not a chronological narrative of Black radicalism but a dialectical analysis of the development of racial capitalism, Marxism, and Black opposition.
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/568.html   (2999 words)

  
 [No title]
Chair/Commentator for panel on “Paternalists and Reformers in the 18th and 19th Centuries,” at the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Conference on British Studies, University of California at Santa Barbara, March 1981.
Commentator for panel on “The Victorian Intellect,”  at the joint annual meeting of the Southern Conference on British Studies and the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, November 1987.
 “Private Charity and the 1834 Poor Law,” plenary presentation to a conference on From Poor Laws to the Modern Welfare State: Private Charity and Public Assistance in Historical Perspective, at St. Louis University, August 1996.
http://www.class.csupomona.edu/his/TONYCV.htm   (2188 words)

  
 Oglethorpe University : Academics : Undergraduate : Core Curriculum : Syllabi Archive : Spring 2004 : Maher
Course Pack: Joyce Appleby, “Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination.” in Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination.
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1991).
Joyce Appleby, “Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination.” (1992)
http://www.oglethorpe.edu/Academics/undergraduate/core_curriculum/syllabi_archive/Spring_2004/maher.asp?print=Y   (874 words)

  
 [No title]
More precisely, I contend that the Assembly's efforts to develop an autonomous black radicalism were arrested by the unitarian logic, and vanguardist tendencies which undergirded its activities; and the coinciding adjustments of the US corporate-state apparatus to black oppositional politics via both covert disruption and the consolidation and promotion of a moderate black political regime.
A brief discussion of the emergence and decline of the National Black Political Assembly is used to illustrate the saliency of this interpretation.
Abstract: This dissertation analyzes the historical emergence and decline of the National Black Political Assembly (NBPA) from its origins in the Black Power period through to the creation of the National Black Independent Political Party (NBIPP).
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/graduate/Johnsoncv.htm   (1429 words)

  
 Social Work Library: Historical Resources on Social Justice Issues (Depression)
Finding aid in the library at Bentley Historical Library.
At the Michigan State University Libraries American Radicalism Collection
Finding aid online at the Bentley Historical Library.
http://www.lib.umich.edu/socwork/rescue/archive/era3.html   (1863 words)

  
 Arthur Drews - The Denial of the Historicity of Jesus in Past and Present
Unfortunately Couchoud didn't perceive the worthlessness of the Acts of the Apostles for historical purposes.
C.F. Volney, slightly after Dupuis, was a politician during the revolution and known for his journey reports.
Similarly P.L. Couchoud judged against the historicity of Jesus, in his book about Jesus mysteries.
http://www.egodeath.com/drewshistorymythiconlyjesus.htm   (10846 words)

  
 MHS Collections: Oral History
This oral history collection is part of the larger Project to Document Radicalism in Twentieth-Century Minnesota, an effort by the Minnesota Historical Society's Research Department to explore the role of left-wing radicalism in shaping the state's political culture.
Carl Ross, former Minnesota Communist Party leader, served as director of the oral history project.
The other major product of the radicalism project will be an annotated bibliography, published by the Minnesota Historical Society Press, of sources on the subject in the Society's collections and at University of Minnesota libraries.
http://www.state.mn.us/ebranch/mhs/collections/oralhistory/radicalism.htm   (162 words)

  
 WWW.History
The site offers two versions of the 1400-page diary, facsimile and transcribed full-text; the latter is searchable by keyword and date.
This exceptional legal history site was created by law professor Douglas Linder.
American Memory, Library of Congress; University of California, Berkeley; and California Historical Society
http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/browse/wwwhistory   (3442 words)

  
 A.1. WHAT ARE THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF MUTUALISM?
The credit and patent monopolies were attacked on much the same principles as the radicals of the 1790s attacked seigneural rents.
Land reform was an issue both in Paine's The Rights of Man, and in Godwin.
With the Radical movement dissociated from France, radicalism lost its "unpatriotic" taint.
http://www.mutualist.org/id25.html   (14401 words)

  
 Philip R. Harling
"The Law of Libel and the Limits of Repression, 1790-1832," Historical Journal 44, 1 (2001), pp.
The Waning of 'Old Corruption': The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779-1846 (Clarendon Press, Oxford University, 1996)
The Modern British State: An Historical Introduction (Polity, 2001)
http://www.uky.edu/AS/History/faculty/bios/harling.html   (361 words)

  
 American Radicalism: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Roosevelt had recognized the Soviet Union, and the Stalinists, in turn, decided to recognize Roosevelt.
In America, communism can face its great future with confidence.”
Debs and Wayland, who had supported the Populist party and the Democratic party, turned around and led the movement forward from Populism and the Democratic party and all kinds of class collaborationist politics.
http://www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/1960/amrad.htm   (6802 words)

  
 History of American Radicalism
The Death and Rebirth of American Radicalism HN90.R3 A679 1996
16 April Modern Racial and Ethnic Radicalism -- Black Separatism, The Chicano Movement
Possible topics include studies of radical groups or individuals; the nature of radicalism; government responses to radical movements; the relationship between American radicals and radicals in other countries; recurrences in the nature of American radicalism; reasons for various radical movements’ successes or failures; or the presence or absence of violence within American radical forms.
http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/us/hist534.htm   (2201 words)

  
 E. Belfort Bax: The Bourgeois Radical Movement and Socialism (1897)
Before deciding whether a doctrine or aim of the old Radicalism should constitute a living part of our programme, or not, we must judge the particular point in question on its merits, The fact of its belonging to the old Radicalism is not in itself against it.
If a partial exception be made in the case of Ireland, it is only because English rule in Ireland is s intimately bound up with the question of absentee landlordism, and the whole Irish agrarian problem.
Belfort Bax: The Bourgeois Radical Movement and Socialism (1897)
http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1897/05/bouradical.htm   (1589 words)

  
 Print: The Chronicle: 5/23/2003: Literary Theory and Historical Understanding
Morris Dickstein is a distinguished professor of English and senior fellow of the Center for the Humanities at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
We can leave aside the objection that, to my knowledge, no major student radicals became literary theorists, and that those who did give theory its big push were generally older, had few political involvements, and (both in Europe and America) began publishing their work well before the '60s revolution hit its stride, in 1968.
Nowadays, politically minded scholars tend too readily to think of the shift from the historical approach to a formalist approach after 1945 as a function of the cold war, a recoiling from politics that can be observed not only in literary studies, but also in sociology, art criticism, analytic philosophy, and law.
http://chronicle.com/cgi2-bin/printable.cgi?article=http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i37/37b00701.htm   (3805 words)

  
 Freemasonry-Political & Historical Studies of Freemasonry
The Democratisation of France, 1840-1901: Sociabilite, Freemasonry and Radicalism
It serves as a program to what I am intending to do here.
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Den/2479   (618 words)

  
 CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Martin Luther
Kostlin-Kawerau (I,45) states that returning from his "Mansfeld home he was overtaken by a terrible storm, with an alarming lightning flash and thunderbolt.
This protest has become historic, since it gave the specific nomenclature Protestant to the whole opposition movement to the Catholic Church.
His life as Juncker George, his neglect of the old monastic dietetic restrictions, racked hsi body in paroxysms of pain, "which did not fail to give colour to the tone of his polemical writings" (Hausrath, op.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09438b.htm   (16884 words)

  
 Liberalism -
The ideas of individual liberties, personal dignity, free expression, religious tolerance, private property, universal human rights, transparency of government, limitations on government power, popular sovereignty, national self-determination, privacy, enlightened and rational policy, the rule of law, fundamental equality, a free market economy, and free trade were all radical notions some 250 years ago.
Another example of this form of liberal revolution is from Ecuador where Eloy Alfaro in 1895 lead a "radical liberal" revolution that secularized the state, opened marriage laws, engaged in the development of infrastructure and the economy.
This may not seem a radical notion today, but at the time most property laws defined property as belonging to a family or to a particular figure within it, such as the "head of the family".
http://www.psychcentral.com/psypsych/Liberalism   (9916 words)

  
 Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives
With this law, Congress established a popularly elected legislative branch (a Senate and a House of Representatives) and extended American citizenship to Puerto Rican citizens.
The introduction of the printing press to Puerto Rico in 1806 permitted the publication of a wealth of historical and political material throughout the 1800s.
Publications from the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, including chronicles, historical essays, political debates, memoirs, government records, and newspaper articles, document the socio-political dynamics on the island during the last century of Spanish rule and the early period of colonial government under the United States.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/prhtml/bras.html   (3877 words)

  
 Activist Impulses: Campus Radicalism in the 1930s (Cohen)
Thus ASU National chair Molly Yard, a Protestant whose parents had both served as missionaries in China, and whose father was the Northwestern University chaplain, was labeled a "Jewess."
When the radical party candidates are taken into account, the 1936 presidential race—as tracked in the college straw polls—reflects an even stronger student shift away from Republicanism.
In his autobiography Miller notes that "I never raised my voice against my father." But the Depression's bite on the family income created tension between father and son.
http://newdeal.feri.org/students/end.htm   (3414 words)

  
 Anabaptist Radicalism and Postmodern Publics
In 1994, two major North American conferences (one at Elizabethtown College in June and the other at Goshen College in October) commemorated the 1944 publication of Harold Bender's Anabaptist Vision, an essay that articulated a modern appropriation of sixteenth-century European Christian radicalism to twentieth-century North American sectarian communities of Mennonites and Brethren.
Other scholars suggest that our historical situation differs from that of the Anabaptists insofar as the lines of distinction between believers' churches and the churches of Christendom are no longer necessary or clear, and that therefore the believers' church should forge alliances with the traditional Christian churches and their theologies in the war against secularism.
All of these proposals emphasize the narratively constituted character of both self and community, and all recognize the significance of social and historical differences for the formation of collective identities.
http://www.bluffton.edu/~mastg/publics.htm   (1435 words)

  
 HISTORY OF AMERICAN RADICALISM & DISSENT
HIST 334 HISTORY OF AMERICAN RADICALISM and DISSENT SPRING 2004
This course will explore the political, cultural and intellectual history of radical social movements in the U.S. Topics will include the American revolution, abolitionism, feminism, anarchism, socialism, communism, civil rights, black nationalism, gay rights, antiwar protest, and the 1960s New Left.
You will examine a current manifestation of radicalism—-e.g., queer liberation, anti-war movement, anti-globalization--in light of the radical tradition, connecting at least 3 historical trends/theories to a contemporary example of radical politics; OR—you will conduct primary research on a particular radical tradition or movement that interests you.
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~acl/syllabi/his344.htm   (401 words)

  
 Historical Sources
An excellent site created by the Library of Congress that looks at Columbus and his impact on the new world.
Chronology of U.S. Historical Documents http://www.law.ou.edu/hist Another general collection of famous documents, mostly from colonial and revolutionary periods.
A great collection of digital images that chronicle American radicalism in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
http://www.mnstate.edu/taylorse/source/Sources.htm   (581 words)

  
 Seattle Arts & Lectures - Seminars
Saturdays, Mar 4 and 18, 2006, UW Simpson Center and Richard Hugo House, 9am-1pm
This seminar will provide a historical background to the war, explain key events, and illuminate the political, ideological, and cultural influences and issues that motivated its participants.
The history of American radicalism in the twentieth century is more discontinuous than continuous, marked by a sequence of lefts, each of which flourished for a time and then fell apart, leaving a distinct generational gap before the emergence of the next new left.
http://www.lectures.org/0506seminars.html   (1973 words)

  
 Essays on Nothing And Everything: Contributions to a Radicalist Philosophy of the Human Condition by Leon James
Historically, radicalism is associated with reactionary movements in spiritual and socio-political endeavors.
This is a historical fact, not a logical necessity.
In an age where radicalism is predominant ant traditional (as during the end of the Middle Ages in Europe), progressivism may develop as a new and reactionary endeavor (e.g.
http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/leonj/499ss99/pun/essay.html   (4011 words)

  
 Digital History
Scans of images from Michigan State University's American Radicalism collection.
Historical photographs and prints dealing with the Civil War and westward expansion.
Over 28,000 images illustrating California history and culture from the University of California at Berkeley's Bancroft Library
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/images.cfm   (893 words)

  
 Protestant Radicalism (Eller)
The historical Jesus with his proclamation of the "kingdom at hand" is nothing if not eschatological.
"Radical Protestantism" points in the right direction, but it perpetuates a wrong implication: the tradition is not a Protestantism that became radicalized but rather a radicalism, traceable throughout Christian history, which inevitably became Protestant at the time of the Reformation.
Clearly, the war intended is an eschatological one, a reference made explicit in the Quaker doctrine of the "Lamb's War" (the Lamb who conquered by being slain rather than by slaying).
http://www.hccentral.com/eller1/cc110167.html   (3289 words)

  
 John Stuart Mill [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
They were valuable as enabling us to trace the development of his opinions, the growth of his views in philosophy, and the gradual modification of his radicalism in politics.
In the Parliament of 1865-68, he sat as Radical member for Westminister.
The ideas which Mill derived from the writings of Coleridge, or from his association with younger men who had been influenced by Coleridge, did not bring about any fundamental change in his philosophical standpoint, we can trace their effect.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm   (5381 words)

  
 Articles - Classical liberalism
Nevertheless, British democratic institutions survived and in 1979 a radical Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher was elected, which, sometimes painfully, re-liberalised the economy.
He argued that liberalism, which believed in limited decentralized government, individual freedom, and free trade was a radical and progressive philosophy dedicated to sweeping positive changes.
Correctly understood, libertarianism resembles a view that liberalism historically defined itself against, the doctrine of private political power that underlies feudalism.
http://www.healwater.com/articles/Classical_liberalism   (4686 words)

  
 Historical Encyclopedia of WA - Share Your History
This made Western Australia the third place in the world to give women the vote, after New Zealand in 1893 and South Australia in 1894.
Not all the crew were happy about this radical new staff development; we were told that at least one driller had to rummage for shorts to cover his normal off-duty garb of underpants.
The Forrest government practically handed women the vote in 1899 to try and neutralise the rush of radicalism from the Eastern colonies and the goldfields.
http://www.encyclopedia.uwapress.uwa.edu.au/write_a_history_promotion   (20426 words)

  
 FAIRLEIGH DICKINSON UNIVERSITY
This course explores major currents of political radicalism both within and outside of the dominant western political tradition.
Situate radical political theories in contemporary political context
Focusing questions: Why is Plato a radical thinker given the political context of democratic
http://alpha.fdu.edu/~scorza/radicalsyllabus.html   (1379 words)

  
 Manitoba History: The State of the Union: A Survey of Recent Literature on Prairie Labour
209-231 “British Born ‘Radicals’ in North America, 1900-1941: The Case of Sam Scarlett,” Canadian Ethnic Studies, X(2), 1978, 65-85.
Implicit also is a belief that the recent political past of the prairies with its consistent record of third party success derives from a radical tradition.
The least sweeping and yet historically the soundest of the three is Gerald Friesen’s “‘Yours in Revolt’ The Socialist Party of Canada and the Western Canadian Labour Movement” which appeared in the first issue of Labour/le travailleur in 1976.
http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/03/prairielabour.shtml   (4491 words)

  
 BBC - History - Scottish History
The term ‘radical’ literally means ‘from the root’, and describes exactly the kind of political reform that the Radical movement was seeking towards the end of the 18th century.
The Revolution was an inspiring example for Scotland& developing middle and working classes; it demonstrated that they too could participate in the governance of the country, that the status quo could be changed, and that constitutions weren’t handed down from God but were made by men.
This is shown in what is considered by many to be Burns' most famous song, A man’s a man for a’ that, which encapsulates in song the radical ideas of Tom Paine, the author of The Rights of Man.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_radicals.shtml   (475 words)

  
 OpinionJournal - Extra
This is seen as a way around the troubles.
"A Muslim has no nationality except his belief," wrote an intellectual godfather of radical Islamism, the Egyptian Sayyid Qutb, who was executed by Nasser in 1966.
They warn against offering greetings to "infidels" on their religious holidays, or serving in the armies and police of the new lands.
http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra?id=110004879   (1731 words)

  
 H-Net Review: Raffael Scheck on Children of a New Fatherland: Germany's Post-War Right-Wing ...
The book is not carefully edited and lacks precision with respect to detail, in particular historical facts (the author blames Friedrich II rather than his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I, for turning Prussia into a great military barracks, and he confounds the revolution of November 1918 with the Spartacus uprising in January 1919; see pp.
The title of the English edition is entirely misleading (leaving the reader guessing as to which postwar period is meant--the years after 1945 or after the Cold War?), but this is probably not the author's fault.
Brink refers to historical connections between Nazis and Communists from the days of the Ruhr Crisis (1923), to the "violence principle" enshrined in GDR education and police practice, and to the widespread paramilitary training of GDR youth.
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=202341070842686   (577 words)

  
 The Garden of Eden. Radicalism in the Jewish Yahweh prophets.
The original meaning of such stories as that of the Garden of Eden have been lost, but then it is the case that throughout history we find that the message of the radical school of Jewish prophecy was also lost.
The Eden parable, in its original context, belonged to the radical Yahweh school of prophecy in ancient Israel, and not to the Levite priests, who had their own books.
The teachings of the school of Yahweh prophets was replaced by Christian doctrines based almost exclusively on priestly Levite books like that of Leviticus,.
http://www.awitness.org/bible_commentary/genesis/garden_of_eden.html   (3531 words)

  
 Calls for Presentations, Papers, Publications: Journal: Study of Radicalism
With sensitivity and openness to historical and cultural contexts of the term, we loosely define "radical," as distinguished from "reformers," to mean groups who seek revolutionary alternatives to hegemonic social and political institutions, and who use violent or non-violent means to resist authority and to bring about change.
"right"; radical groups typically ignored in academic scholarship such as deep ecologists, primitivists, and anarchists; the role of science and technology in radical visions; transnational and regional understandings of radicalism; and the relationships of radical movements to land and environment.
Calls for Presentations, Papers, Publications: Journal: Study of Radicalism
http://www.unm.edu/~loboblog/mort/archives/006495.html   (180 words)

  
 Chicago Historical Society - The Haymarket Digital Collection
The Chicago Historical Society has created this digital collection to provide on-line access to its primary source materials relating to the Haymarket Affair, a controversial moment in Chicago's past and a pivotal event in the early history of the American labor movement.
The Dramas of Haymarket uses the materials selected from the HADC as well as many items held in other collections of the Chicago Historical Society to examine the Haymarket events and their significance for both contemporaries and later audiences.
Permission to reproduce these works for other purposes or to republish them in any form must be granted in writing by the Chicago Historical Society.
http://www.chicagohs.org/hadc   (234 words)

  
 Articles - Adam Smith
Indeed, many of the theories Smith sets out simply describe historical trends away from mercantilism, towards free trade, that had been developing for many decades, and had already had significant influence on governmental policy.
There has been some controversy over the extent of Smith´s originality in ´´The Wealth of Nations´´; some argue that the work added modestly to the already established ideas of thinkers such as Anders Chydenius (The National Gain (1765)), David Hume and the Baron de Montesquieu.
It was the people who, due to historical limitations, emphasized the "wealth" part.
http://www.centralairconditioners.net/articles/Adam_Smith   (2122 words)

  
 Amazon.com: Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's War : The Baptist-Quaker Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England ...
Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's War : The Baptist-Quaker Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology) (Hardcover)
Amazon.com: Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's War : The Baptist-Quaker Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology): Books: Ted LeRoy Underwood
The Quakers in English Society, 1655-1725 (Oxford Historical Monographs) by Adrian Davies in Back Matter
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195108337?v=glance   (761 words)

  
 Historical Approaches Message Board
Home : History & Biography : History Message Boards : Historical Approaches
http://mb.sparknotes.com/mb.epl?b=49&c=0&p=8   (67 words)

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