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| | Proportional representation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In general, first-past-the-post is only used in former British colonies, and in the Westminster Elections in the United Kingdom, but a form of proportional representation known as the mixed member system is now being used in the United Kingdom to elect the members of the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh National Assembly. | | | Many cities, including New York City, once used it for their city councils as a way to break up the United States Democratic Party monopolies on elective office. | | | For instance if a party wins 20 seats but only has 15 people on its list then it loses 5 seats. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation
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| | Proportional Representation The Case for Proportional Representation |
| | Proportional representation is based on the principle that the right of decision should belong to the majority, but the right of representation to all. | | | The principle of proportional representation (PR), in essence, is that parties or blocs of like-minded voters should win seats in legislative assemblies in proportion to their share of the popular vote. | | | In states with large Congressional delegations, for example, US House elections might be determined by a system of proportional representation simply by repealing a 1967 federal law mandating one-seat districts. |
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http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Political/CaseForPropRep.html
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| | Proportional Representation Richie and Hill |
| | Nearly all elections in the United States are based on the winner-take-all principle: voters for the candidate who gets the most votes win representation; voters for the other candidates win nothing. | | | Once some voters are excluded from representation, policy can be passed without the support of a majority of the electorate. | | | Australia uses IRV for parliamentary elections, Ireland uses it to elect its president, and the United Kingdom may well adopt it within two years in a national referendum on parliamentary elections. |
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http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Political/ProportionalRep.html
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| | Christian Science Monitor: The Argument for Proportional Representation |
| | This effect is diluted by the much larger districts used for proportional representation, and by freeing politicians from the need to win majority support. | | | The Constitution only mandates that states maintain separate representation in Congress, in keeping with the rules of federalism. | | | There are no constitutional obstacles to electing the House and most state legislatures by proportional representation. |
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http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/democracy/1995-0808-csm-proportional.html
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| | New Rules Project - Governance - Proportional Representation |
| | While proportional representation is a system for electing legislatures, Instant runoff voting can be used for elections of a single, executive position. | | | For instance, if there are four seats, a voter may cast all four of their votes for a single candidate, split their vote among two or three contenders, or cast a single vote for each of four different candidates. | | | Proportional Representation is likely to increase voter turnout. |
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http://www.newrules.org/gov/proport.html
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| | Proportional Representation |
| | PR is used by most of the established democracies in the world, because it gives voters more choices at the polls, allows more voters to vote for winners, and dramatically increases voter turnout to 70-95% of eligible voters U.S. voter turnout for 1996 congressional elections was 44% of eligible voters. | | | While the electoral college would need to be abolished by constitutional amendment, nothing in the Constitution prevents the use of proportional representation in the selection of electors. | | | The Constitution does not mandate congressional or legislative districts nor prevent the preferential election of senators. |
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http://emporium.turnpike.net/P/ProRev/pr.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Gladstone in support of his decision to adopt it was that such a system tended to secure representation for minorities.[4] Yet, as prophesied in the debates of 1885, the minorities in the South and West of Ireland have since that date been permanently disfranchised; in the eight Parliaments, 1885-1911, they have been entirely without representation. | | | CHAPTER VI PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION The essential features of a sound electoral method--Constituencies returning several members--Proportional representation of the electors--Experience in Denmark, Switzerland, Belgium, German States, France, Holland, Finland, Sweden, Australasia, South Africa, Canada, Oregon, The United Kingdom--The success of proportional representation in practice--An election by miners. | | | A committee of the United States Senate unanimously reported in 1869 that this war might have been averted had the minorities in the North and South been duly represented in Congress. |
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http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/8prep10.txt
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| | How Proportional Representation Elections Work |
| | The basic principles underlying proportional representation elections are that all voters deserve representation and that all political groups in society deserve to be represented in our legislatures in proportion to their strength in the electorate. | | | In our hypothetical case, the New Party did not win any district seats, but they did win over 5% of the nationwide vote, so they deserve their share of legislative seats--which in this case would be six seats, all of which would be filled from the regional party lists. | | | Thus if the candidates of a party win 40% of the vote in a 10 member district, they receive four of the ten seats -- or 40% of the seats. |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/howprwor.htm
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| | Proportional Representation |
| | British Politics has used forms of proportional representation in elections for devolution in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. | | | If there are more than two main parties competing in an election, a proportional allocation of seats to votes will tend to produce a ‘hung Parliament’ where no party has 50 per cent of the seats. | | | But it has never replaced First-Past-The-Post in British national elections. |
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http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/proportional_representation.htm
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| | PR Systems |
| | In South Africa in 1994, there was no legal threshold for representation, and the African Christian Democratic Party won two seats out of 400, with only 0.45 percent of the national vote. | | | If a major party wins forty percent of the votes, it should win approximately forty percent of the seats, and a minor party with ten percent of the votes should also gain ten percent of the parliamentary seats. | | | But preferential voting can work equally well: the Single Transferable Vote, where voters rank-order candidates in multi-member districts, is another well-established proportional system (see Single Transferable Vote). |
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http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/es/esf.htm
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| | Californians for Proportional Representation |
| | "Proportional Representation is the shield and the essence of the charter." -- Murry Seasongood, Mayor of Cincinnati 1926-1930 | | | securing proportional representation based on transferable votes." -- Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, joined by Justice Scalia, in Holder v. | | | Representation is made necessary only because it is impossible for the people to act collectively." -- James Wilson, Constitutional Convention Debates |
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http://www.cfer.org/learn/quotedump.php
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| | Proportional representation |
| | They'd be elected on a proportional basis: If Democrats received 40 percent of the vote, then four Democrats would represent that district. | | | The minorities at the time who won representation were Irish Catholics, Polish immigrants, African Americans and leftists. | | | When 49.9 percent of the voters can walk away from an election feeling that there viewpoints won't be represented by the winning candidate, the stage is set for an alienated electorate. |
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http://www.metrotimes.com/news/stories/news/19/06/pr.html
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| | The Dominion: One Citizen, One Vote: Towards Proportional Representation |
| | In most European countries with proportional voting systems, five to ten percent of the seats are often won by the Greens. | | | Wasted votes are defined by political scientists as votes cast that do not produce representation for voters. | | | So it's not surprising that countries that use the winner-take-all voter systems have lower voter turnout and more voter disgruntlement than countries that use fair voting systems. |
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http://dominionpaper.ca/features/2003/08/08/one_citize.html
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| | Election 2004 |
| | With polls pointing toward the strong possibility of a minority government, the idea of proportional representation is being tossed around by politicians and voters alike. | | | Earlier this year, the Law Commission of Canada released a study on proportional representation. | | | For example, if the majority of voters were from Ontario, it would make sense to have MPs from the province. |
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http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/mini/CTVNews/1088101230471_83510430?s_name=election2004&no_ads=
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| | Trinidad News, Trinidad Newspaper, Trinidad Sports, Trinidad politics, Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago News, Trinidad ... |
| | And Dr Williams and the rest of the country attacked proportional representation on this basis, even in 1974 when considering the Republican Constitution. | | | In the established language of political science, the Indian Association was arguing not for proportional representation but for communal representation, specifically, ethnic reservations and allotments in the Legislature, Cabinet, Civil Service, Police Service, Elections Commission, Boundaries Commission, Public Services Commission, and so forth. | | | They provocatively and aggressively argued, if, perchance the "obscurantis" minorities [Williams's euphemism for the whites] are not interested in protecting themselves in this way against PNM racialism, then we, the Indians, must demand parity with the Negroes in Government, in the Civil Service, in the police and every aspect of government. |
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http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=22955237
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| | Amazon.com: Reflecting All of Us : The Case for Proportional Representation (New Democracy Forum Series): Books: Robert ... |
| | Richie and Hill present the basic case that proportional representation leads to higher voter turnouts and results in better representation of the political, racial and gender diversity in our society. | | | Through their nonpartisan organization, the Center for Voting and Democracy, Richie and Hill have demonstrated that gerrymandering has resulted in an uncompetitive democracy in the United States, leaving voters with few choices in districts designed to be safe forincumbents. | | | But in "Reflecting All of Us - The Case for Proportional Representation," Robert Richie and Steven Hill make the case that the problem is deeper -- it's in our winner-take-all elections. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0807044210?v=glance
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| | Perils of proportional representation - Pravda.Ru |
| | To understand PR, imagine if our Congress were composed of four parties, Democrats, Republicans, a traditionalist Old Right Party, and Greens, each of the last two with 5 percent of the seats. | | | Any political party that can garner at least 5 percent of the vote would obtain representation in Congress. | | | A party can get seats in the Knesset if it wins just 1.5 percent of the nationwide popular vote, some 55,000 votes. |
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http://english.pravda.ru/mailbox/22/101/399/15703_pr.html
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| | India Abroad: Proportional Representation Suggested@ HighBeam Research |
| | Perhaps now is the time for political parties to give serious thought to introducing a system of proportional representation which will at least ensure that Parliament truly reflects the strength of the diverse political forces. | | | With the ruling Congress party on the decline, as evidenced by the recent State election results, a hung parliament, where no party gets a majority, is a distinct possibility after the next general election. |
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http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:2328809&refid=holomed_1
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| | Electoral Council of Australia - Electoral Systems- Proportional Representation in Australia |
| | Proportional representation electoral systems are used in Australia to elect candidates to the Senate, the upper houses of NSW, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia, the Lower House of Tasmania, the ACT Legislative Assembly and many Local Government Councils. | | | The composition of a Legislature where members are elected using PR usually better reflects the proportions of votes received by candidates on a State or Territory-wide basis than houses where members are elected to single seat electorates. | | | Proportional Representation (PR) is the term that describes a group of electoral systems used to elect candidates in multi-member electorates. |
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http://www.eca.gov.au/systems/proportional/proportion_rep.htm
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| | What is proportional representation? |
| | If the political will could be mobilized, it is possible to convert immediately to a system of proportional representation for electing representatives to city councils, state legislatures, and even the U.S. House of Representatives. | | | In fact, scholars have demonstrated that the underrepresentation of blacks is largely an underrepresentation of black women. | | | Simple geographical representation can no longer ensure fair political representation for all voters and all political perspectives. |
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http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/democracy/abcs.html
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| | proportional representation on Encyclopedia.com |
| | elected Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) will be expanded, and half of the seats will be allotted by proportional representation of all parties that gather more than two percent of the vote. | | | elected Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) will be expanded and half of the seats will be allotted by proportional representation of all parties that gather more than two percent of the vote. | | | Palestinians Vote In The first Parliamentary Elections For A Decade |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/X/X-proprtrep.asp
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| | Proportional Representation - Stormfront White Nationalist Community |
| | With proportional representation we have a much better chance of capturing White voters, and most importantly some political power and voice. | | | In fact, I'd continue this line of reasoning even further, by pointing how how disproportionately Whites are represented in the corridors of power, like the US Congress, Governorships, and the Presidency of the United States, the Supreme Court. | | | I mean I think it's only fair that California reflect its ethnic and racial diversity by electing a Latino and a Black Senator respectively! |
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http://www.stormfront.org/forum/showthread.php?t=9192
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| | Scotland Introduces Proportional Representation -- So Should England and Wales (and the United States) |
| | Professor John Whitelegg, who last year captured what for 30 years had been a safe Labour seat on Lancaster city council, says first-past-the-post distorts the vote most especially in Westminster elections. | | | Why should the views of so many voters be ignored in the make-up of the council?" | | | "To do democratic justice to Britain, we need proportional elections at all levels." |
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http://www.progress.org/2004/prop13.htm
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| | proportional representation. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002 |
| | Membership in the Senate and the House of Representatives, for example, is based on individual candidates’ receiving a majority of votes. | | | ‡ Though proportional representation has been attempted in a few American cities, many American politicians argue that it tends to fragment the government, preventing quick and decisive action. | | | An electoral system in which seats in a legislature are awarded to each party on the basis of its share of the popular vote. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/59/14/proportional.html
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| | The Hare System of Proportional Representation |
| | The Hare System is intended to secure the representation of every shade of the electorate’s opinion in direct proportion to its numerical strength. | | | In this instance, while 349,546 voters, a majority, went without representation, a minority elected all the representatives. | | | Under the usual form of voting for a list of people for a committee or representative body where several are to be chosen, a bare majority of the votes or even a plurality is sufficient to elect. |
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http://sof.uchicago.edu/hare/overview.html
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| | Washington State Citizens for Proportional Representation |
| | Washington Citizens for Proportional Representation represents Washington State voters of all political persuasions and is dedicated to full and fair representation in local, state and federal elections. | | | We work to increase voter awareness of alternative methods of elections that will give us all a greater voice in government | | | We can demonstrate how it works using mock elections and compare the results with our current Single Member voting system. |
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http://www.fairvote.net/washington
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| | (Dis-)proportional representation |
| | In the House, it's one vote per district (population unit), whereas in the Senate it's two votes per state (arbitrary geographical unit). | | | And finally: If there is a systematic disproportionality in the House, does it favor Republicans or Democrats? | | | In a way, this is unsurprising: The houses of Congress were defined to be different in a couple of important ways, one of which was the way that representation is mapped onto population. |
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http://www.marchingorders.org/C1742339614/E950219814
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| | Proportional Representation: Democracy For Everyone |
| | All democracies have accepted the minority citizen's right to vote, and most have recognized the minority voter's right to representation. | | | The more seats in a district with PR, the more accurately its reps speak for its voters. | | | A district with 3 reps might elect 2 from the largest party and 1 from another party. |
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http://accuratedemocracy.com/d_intro.htm
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| | Proportional Representation Voting in Australia |
| | It ensures that no votes are wasted as they are in single-member electorates. | | | Proportional Representation (PR) Voting is used in elections for the Australian Senate. | | | In a double dissolution election of 12 Senators, the quota is 7.7% of the formal vote. |
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http://www.australianpolitics.com/voting/systems/proportional.shtml
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| | PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION |
| | If each electorate returns a single member then with an even distribution of voters, a group with the support of 50.5% of voters will win 100% of the seats and 49.5% of the votes will be wasted. | | | The first is the "party list" form where voters vote for a party and it is assumed that their preferences are identical to the preferences of the party. | | | These notes were the basis of a presentation given by Lee Naish, member of the Victorian branch of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia to the Tax Reform Association on 8th November 1995. |
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http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~lee/prsa/pr.html
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| | Voting and Electoral Systems Research Paper |
| | They had won 68 seats on the first (constituency) vote, so they were able to add 125 more representatives. | | | Constituency members are topped up from party members elected from the second vote. | | | The requirement for direct constituency representation is met by the election of a single member constituency representative while the requirement for representation of all political opinion is met by the election of representatives under proportional representation. |
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http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/How/research/papers/elec_sys/03.htm
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| | Proportional Representation Library |
| | In the United States, interest in this electoral reform has been growing rapidly, fueled by Americans' frustration with our traditional winner-take-all elections. | | | This site has been created by Professor Douglas J. Amy, Department of Politics, Mount Holyoke College. | | | PR Library is for citizens, activists, politicians, students and anyone else who wants to learn more about proportional representation elections (PR). |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/prlib.htm
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| | Center for Voting and Democracy |
| | This cover story in the Boston Review was written by the Center's Rob Richie and Steven Hill, with eight responses from political scientists, voting rights attorneys, the New Party, Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney and more. | | | A comprehensive look at voting system reform in the United States and abroad, this report contains numerous articles discussing proportional representation. | | | The first edition of CVD's annual assessment of the state of democracy around the world and in the United States, this report contains numerous articles discussing proportional representation. |
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http://www.fairvote.org/pr/intro.htm
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| | LB Constitutional Reform Committee: Proportional Representation: Intro |
| | These assumptions lead me to identify major problems with many electoral systems, though particularly the ones used in the United States. | | | The fundamental assumption of Proportional Representation (PR) is that elected bodies should mirror the voters who elected them. | | | It can be used with a party system (party list), without a party system (Single Transferrable Vote), and also in a mix with geographic representation (ie, pre-defined divisions like dorm/major). |
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http://macalester.edu/lb/crc/2004/11/proportional-representation-intro.htm
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| | BBC NEWS Politics Electoral reform 'back on agenda' |
| | Tony Blair was thought to have gone cool on electoral reform after 1997. | | | The Liberal Democrats say they have held talks with Downing Street about introducing proportional representation for general elections. | | | The Lib Dems want the current first-past-the-post voting system used for Westminster elections to be dropped in favour of a proportional representation system. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3343589.stm
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| | American Political Science Review: Fully proportional representation.@ HighBeam Research |
| | All existing electoral systems in use at the national level assume that voters' political opinions are embodied in votes for just one candidate or political party. | | | This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. | | | Fully proportional representation that takes account of voters' preferences over a full list of alternatives and schemes for its implementation are presented. |
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http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17787443&refid=holomed_1
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| | Fair Vote Canada - Home |
| | “Our dysfunctional voting system failed to provide representation for almost half a million Conservative voters in our largest cities,” said Wayne Smith, President of Fair Vote Canada. | | | The first day of the new government exploded in controversy as the new Prime Minister tried to compensate for a regionally skewed caucus created by the first-past-the-post voting system. | | | Electoral reform is increasingly being identified as a core issue for negotiations among parties for a minority government. |
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http://www.fairvotecanada.org/fvc.php
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| | Proportional Representation |
| | In Ireland, the system of voting in all Dáil elections, Seanad elections, Presidential elections, European elections and local elections is proportional representation with a single transferable vote in multi-seat constituencies (3-, 4- and 5-seat constituencies at Dáil elections). | | | You are here:Home > Government in ireland > Elections > Proportional Representation | | | This is the quota of votes to be reached by the candidates and it means that only 4 persons can be elected. |
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http://oasis.gov.ie/.../elections/proportional_representation.html
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| | Party-list proportional representation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e.g. | | | Voters may vote directly for the party, like in Israel, or they may vote for candidates and that vote will pool to the party, like in Turkey and Finland. | | | In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation
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| | proportional representation |
| | a method of voting by which political parties are given legislative representation in proportion to their popular vote. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0606309.html
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| | The Daily Star - Opinion Articles - Proportional representation in Lebanon? |
| | Many views attribute to this electoral system the responsibility for the recurring civil wars and the permanent weaknesses and corruption in the state. | | | Despite its idealistic appeals, proportional representation may not prove to be the answer for a Lebanese politic entrenched by decades, if not centuries, of sectarian political traditions. | | | To a large extent, this electoral system in Lebanon has been responsible for maintaining sectarian separation of power and providing the country with a divided state. |
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http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=6211
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| | Proportional Representation |
| | The following essay was originally prepared for a introductory political science course in Canadian government and politics, the focus of which was on federal politics. | | | The major arguments against proportional representation are that the system tends to produce minority government situations more often than does first-past-the-post and that in supplanting the current practice of electing a single Member of Parliament for each constituency it "eliminates the one direct tie each of us with government" (Barker 300). | | | This latter problem would do a grave disservice to Canada, and the former problem would increase the frequency of expensive general elections and thereby probably lead to increased voter apathy and lower turnout on polling day. |
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http://www3.telus.net/irobertson/PR.html
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| | Guardian Unlimited Special reports Proportional representation |
| | This is where you can find explanations of how proportional representation works, key Guardian comment and the latest news on the decisions which face Tony Blair. | | | It's the issue that could shape the next election and change the way we vote in Britain. | | | Martin Linton MP: You work for the Labour party and on your first day back after the winter break, you return to a desk groaning under the weight of 1,500 responses to a consultation document on voting systems which were due in by December 31 and are still coming in. |
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/pr/0,2759,191790,00.html
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| | Mixed Member Proportional Representation |
| | Recognition of Canada as a federation of provinces requires that this also be reflected in a revised electoral system of Proportional Representation. | | | CHP will assume a leading role, and will seek the cooperation of other federal parties in establishing a multi-party Canadian Electoral Reform Coalition, with a view to the future acceptance of this policy and the enactment of such system by the Government of Canada. | | | The CHP affirms that Canada's present plurality electoral system does not result in a democratic representation of the people in Parliament. |
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http://www.chp.ca/positionPapers/MMPR.htm
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| | Electoral Reform Society |
| | First-Past-the-Post means that each party only has one candidate, chosen by that party rather than by the electorate. | | | A simple form of preference voting, using single member constituencies, is called the Alternative Vote (AV). | | | AV gives voters more choice than First-Past-the-Post but does not necessarily produce a result which is more proportional overall. |
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http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/votingsystems/systems.htm
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| | Proportional or Full Representation System of Voting |
| | As far as we know minorities are in terrible state in Islamic countries. | | | In their first elections, Scotland and Wales chose proportional systems. | | | The trend in the world is toward proportional representation and away from "winner take all." Recently the UK - The United Kingdom, the grandmother of all "winner take all" democracies, chose to use PR to elect representatives to the European Parliament. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/zine2/gvfs/PRvoting.htm
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| | Proportional representation for animals |
| | Let me say right now that I am a member of the Green Party (not a Lib Dem on a covert recruiting campaign) and I would certainly vote Green if there was a candidate in my area. | | | "Proportional representation gives the electorate more choice and thus opens up the democratic representation of the electorate." | | | Of the three main parties with Westminster representation, the Liberal Democrats appear to take the welfare of animals most seriously. |
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http://www.uncaged.co.uk/pranimals.htm
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| | AskOxford: proportional representation |
| | • noun an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them. |
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http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/proportionalrepresentation?view=uk
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| | Technorati Tag: proportional representation |
| | Become a member to save searches in a Watchlist. | | | As previously noted, Prince Edward Island will hold its referendum on adopting mixed-member proportional representation for its provincial legislatve... | | | This page shows blog posts, photos, and links that have been tagged proportional representa... |
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http://technorati.com/tag/proportional+representation
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| | BBC News Proportional Representation Additional Member System |
| | The other is for a List system - parties get extra MPs to top up their group in Parliament until they have the number of seats proportionate to the number of votes they have received. | | | CONS: Can give third parties unproportionate influence by giving them the balance of power, and can make it difficult for one party to govern. | | | PROS: Maintains the link between constituencies and MPs, while also being proportional. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/slideshow/proportional_representation/slide3.stm
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