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| | National Minorities of Finland, The Swedish-speaking Finns — Virtual Finland |
 | | The Language Act of 1922 was recently replaced by a new Language Act (423/2003) that became law on 1 January 2004. | | | The second view, most eloquently propagated by the national poet Zacharias Topelius, stressed the unity of the people of Finland, which had been established through centuries of common history and intermarriage where the choice of language had been very much a matter of historical accident. | | | The Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law |
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http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/minorit1.html
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| | Language Minority Voting Rights |
| | Congress adopted the language minority provisions of the Voting Rights Act in 1975 for a period of ten years, then extended them in 1982 for ten year and in 1992 for fifteen years. | | | Each agreement provides comprehensive relief for language minority voters, and includes innovative procedures to involve local language minority voters in shaping programs to serve them. | | | The language minority provisions are contained in Sections 203 and Section 4(f)(4) of the Voting Rights Act. |
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http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/voting/sec_203/activ_203.htm
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| | Tolerance . Seminar 2000 . ECMI Panel . Details |
| | The majority language constitutes a threat to the minority children's mother tongue. | | | If the minority language is not used as the main medium of education and childcare, the use of the minority language is indirectly prohibited in daily intercourse or in schools, i.e., it is an issue of linguistic genocide. | | | Alternatively, minority mother tongues are constructed as non-resources, as handicaps which are believed to prevent minority children from acquiring the majority language (= the only valued linguistic resource), so that minority children should get rid of them in their own interest. |
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http://www.tolerance.cz/english/sem2000/ecmi04.htm
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| | Language Minority Voting Rights |
| | Congress adopted the language minority provisions of the Voting Rights Act in 1975 for a period of ten years, then extended them in 1982 for ten year and in 1992 for fifteen years. | | | The Language Minority Provisions of the Voting Rights Act | | | The language minority provisions are contained in Sections 203 and Section 4(f)(4) of the Voting Rights Act. |
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http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/voting/sec_203/activ_203.htm
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| | Government Resolution 2023/1999 (II. 12.) |
| | The legal framework for electing minority self-government representatives was stipulated in the course of amending Act LXIV of 1990 on the Election of Local Government Representatives and Mayors (hereinafter referred to as "the Election of Local Government Representatives and Mayors Act"). | | | Minority organizations may pursue activities related to general education and may establish, within the bounds of the law, institutions which are entitled to maintain international relations. | | | All minorities living in Hungary are characterized by being dispersed across the country, a dual identity, an advanced state of assimilation, loss of language and strong emotional and cultural ties with their native land, namely Hungary. |
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http://www.meh.hu/nekh/Angol/4-1.htm
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| | East European Constitutional Review |
| | According to the Law on Minorities (1993/LXXVII), to be legally recognized as a national minority, a group must have been present in Hungary for at least 100 years and its members must be Hungarian citizens, albeit having a distinct language, culture, and tradition. | | | Under the proposal, minority representatives would then be elected during the local elections in the fall of 1998. | | | HSP first proposed that the minority seats be filled in the May 1998 parliamentary elections. |
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http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol7num1/constitutionwatch/hungary.html
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| | The Hague Recommendations - Education Rights of National Minorities |
| | Minority education, in particular minority language education, is a high priority among these since, as the HCNM has recently stated, "It is clear that education is an extremely important element for the preservation and the deepening of the identity of persons belonging to a national minority." | | | Minority language tertiary education can legitimately be made available to national minorities by establishing the required facilities within existing educational structures provided these can adequately serve the needs of the national minority in question. | | | The provision of tertiary education in the minority language is not synonymous with the establishment of parallel infrastructures. |
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http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2pol6.htm
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| | MINELRES - NGO REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA |
| | Training of Latvian language teachers for minority schools practically ceased in the early 1990s, and in the autumn of 2000, 536 pupils in minority schools were not taught Latvian language at all, because of a lack of teachers. | | | Language is an important identity factor for the Russian linguistic minority youth: according to a research, 77% of respondents consider language as the basis for identity, ahead of ethnic origin (54%) | | | 4 of the State Language Law (1999) stipulates that use of languages in meetings, marches and pickets is provided by the Law on Meetings, Marches and Pickets (1997). |
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http://www.minelres.lv/coe/report/Latvia_NGO.htm
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| | The English Language Amendment -Holly Hudson |
| | Without using the child's native language for instruction, the ability of the minority children to keep pace with their English peers in terms of content will be severely impaired" (Daniels 56). | | | Even if, by some miracle, the member of a language minority did pass the test, he or she would be unable to fully understand the English signs. | | | There is no underground movement by the language minority to take control of the United States. |
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http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/1998/Paper15.html
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| | Minority group - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Speakers of a legally-recognized minority language, for instance, might have the right to education or communication with the government in their mother tongue. | | | In politics, a minority government may be one which is formed by a party with a plurality of seats in the national legislature, when no majority party exists. | | | In the United States, the term minority typically refers to members of the non-white population, but since the population and power of whites has been decreasing over time in the US, using the term "minority" to identify non-whites in some regions is becoming a misnomer. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority
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| | Official language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Officially recognized minority languages are often mistaken for official languages. | | | However, a language officially recognized by a state, taught in schools, and used in official communication is not necessarily an official language. | | | It is primarily the language of the constitution, hence states with no codified constitution have no official language. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language
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| | May-Language and Minority Rights |
| | In Chapter 9, May restates his position that minority-language rights are both sociologically and politically defensible in the modern nation-state. | | | Ethnic-minority groups (immigrant groups) should have tolerance-oriented rights, minimally the right to preserve their language in the private, non-governmental sphere of national life and, where numbers warrant, some form of active state support in education. | | | Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language. |
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http://www.aaanet.org/cae/aeq/br/may.htm
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| | World congress on language policies |
| | Their basic argument is that a national language should not be identified with one specific ethnic group, or otherwise it will be politically divisive and inevitably erode the status of minority languages and pose a major threat to the identity of the speakers of those languages. | | | When Malawi declared both Chichewa (Chinyanja) and English as official languages in the 1968 Malawi Congress Party (MCP) Convention, the idea was that both languages would have roles in all official domains of national life such as in government and administration, the judicial system, and the legislature. | | | Second, the exclusion of African languages and the insistence on the exclusive use of English in the legislative process has essentially denied the majority that lack a facility in this language their democratic right of participation in the formulation of the laws. |
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http://lapica-unesco.cesca.es/congres/taller/taller1/Matiki.html
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| | Minorities Other Than Blacks: Term Paper Section at AcademicTermPapers.com |
| | This investigation examines the variables associated with language shift and language maintenance, and the relationship between language maintenance and cultural identity among language-minority groups in the United States and elsewhere. | | | The review suggests that socioeconomic and pragmatic considerations are paramount in driving language shift, although dominant culture values which stress the ideal of cultural assimilation and by implication, the superiority of the dominant language encourage shift, both directly and indirectly. | | | An examination of the image of Asians as a model minority which considers the reasons for the development of this "myth." Argues that Asian "invisibility" and stereotypes of Asian "submissiveness" have contributed to the myth. |
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http://www.academictermpapers.com/catpages/catl22c.html
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| | Universitas Helsingiensis 2/00 |
| | Another minority language is Mirandese, spoken in the north-eastern part of Portugal. | | | In granting official status on September 1998, Portugal became one of the European countries with more than one official language. | | | Leite de Vasconcelos defined Mirandese as "the language of the countryside, of home and love." It has been and still is mainly a language used only among the native people of the area, excluding all those who migrated there as public servants, military or other. |
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http://www.helsinki.fi/lehdet/uh/200o.htm
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| | interview with Aron Rodrigue |
| | Language was for communication and for religion, and in fact, people often used the script associated with their religion (Greek, Hebrew, etc.), regardless of the language they were recording (i.e., Arabic or Turkish). | | | Language was primarily for trade or for making a living, so most people had some knowledge of a multiplicity of languages, without full mastery of them. | | | It is important not to ascribe to the Ottoman case a static vision of an arrangement between "majority versus minority," or "ruler versus ruled," or "state versus society," but rather to unpack the situation over particular periods in history. |
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5-1/text/rodrigue.html
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| | Ethnic Minorities in Eastern Europe Today |
| | In August 1989, the Moldovan communist parliament approved an official language law over the objections of the Russian-speaking minority members. | | | In Moldova, a Russian-speaking minority is demanding independence because of the country's official language law. | | | Under the law, all political leaders, government workers, and many others had to pass a Moldovan language test within five years in order to hold their jobs. |
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http://www.crf-usa.org/bria/bria19_1c.htm
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| | www.ghana.co.uk - News |
| | The Minority leader said the language of the documents that came before Parliament and the report of the Finance Committee give the impression of a loan of money. | | | The Majority carried 96 votes while the Minority had 52. | | | Parliament on Wednesday after a four-hour debate rejected the rescission motion by the Minority against the CNT 300 million US dollars loan. |
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http://www.ghana.co.uk/news/content.asp?articleID=12516
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| | Dag |
| | 2000: The Taiwanese minister of education declares that the study of minority languages shall be obligatory in Taiwanese schools from the following year. | | | 1999: Portuguese president Jorge Sampaiq promulgates a law stipulating that Mirandese (which one might argue is a dialect of Spanish) be the official language in the region of north-eastern Portugal where it is spoken. | | | 1887: The use of Native American languages in schools is prohibited in the USA. |
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http://www.ling.su.se/staff/parkvall/Calendar.html
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| | Abstract |
| | This study examines the effect of some dominant languages on minority languages in Nigeria and the consequences of this on Sustainable National Development. | | | If language is not merely a means of communicating information about the weather or any other subject but a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people (Trudgill, P (1987) then one would think that Nigeria need have a common language to be recognized. | | | Like Brenzinger, we shall consider the frame of indicating language displacement with reference to certain criteria such as the language cum place of encounter, the social, regional, global settings of languages in questions and the out come of these on language process generally and Sustainable National Development. |
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http://www.ohiou.edu/alta/adeni2.htm
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| | EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Turkmen-Uzbek Tension Easing, But Ethnic Minorities in Both Countries Continue to Suffer |
| | Eventually, an Uzbek government decree ordered the conversion of all Turkmen-language schools to Uzbek-language. | | | An official at the state Ukituvchi Publishing House, which specializes in the publication of school books, asserted that it produced 23 foreign-language texts in 2002, but added that most were in Tajik and Kazakh. | | | During at a ceremony marking the opening of a gas-production facility, Niyazov signaled that his hostility toward Uzbekistan had abated. |
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http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav051503.shtml
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| | Press kit: Issues - Multi-ethnic States and the Protection of Minority Rights - World Conference Against Racism |
| | Finnish, Swedish or the Sami language is taught as the mother tongue of the student, and under the new legislation, children who reside in Finland permanently, thus including immigrant children, have both the duty and the right to go to comprehensive school. | | | The protection of minority rights and the prevention of ethnic conflict was also discussed at the October 2000 Regional Seminar of Experts for Africa, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. | | | It is the long held position of the Committee that racial discrimination exists in all States and territories, and admitting its existence is fundamental to improving conditions. |
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http://www.un.org/WCAR/e-kit/minority.htm
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| | Minority language and the state in Zambia and Botswana |
| | Thus the Nkoya language had become doubly peripheral: a minority vis-a-vis Lozi which remained dominant in Barotse (later Western) Province in most formal situations including education, local government and the courts; and vis-a-vis English. | | | Language policy — even if appealing to ‘objective’ considerations of linguistic analysis, constitutional equity and socio-economic development — is often formulated and implemented in a political and ideological context partly defined by ethnic parameters. | | | a language; a cult; a vision of the past) are drawn into the orbit of a group’s identity formation in inter-ethnic relations, these elements tend to be objectified to the extent of fossilization. |
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http://www.shikanda.net/ethnicity/minority.htm
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| | Foundation For Endangered Languages Issue 23. |
| | Many minority languages are poised on the edge of different majority communities; the terms of debate of minority and majority are being re-defined in the present era of global powers and communications; and there is an inevitable interplay between centres of government and the initiatives coming up from local communities. | | | Talaabog is a minority language in the Pacific island of Saipan, closely related to Carolinian, with fewer than a hundred speakers. | | | This is to be a first step towards writing a grammar of the language. |
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http://www.ogmios.org/232.htm
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| | Dag |
| | 2000: The Taiwanese minister of education declares that the study of minority languages shall be obligatory in Taiwanese schools from the following year. | | | 1999: Portuguese president Jorge Sampaiq promulgates a law stipulating that Mirandese (which one might argue is a dialect of Spanish) be the official language in the region of north-eastern Portugal where it is spoken. | | | 1887: The use of Native American languages in schools is prohibited in the USA. |
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http://www.ling.su.se/staff/parkvall/Calendar.html
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| | Sierra Leone: Map, History and Much More From Answers.com |
| | Although English is the official language, it is understood by only a minority, as most people speak their tribe's own language. | | | The creole language Krio, based on English, is however spoken by most of the population. | | | The two main ethnic groups are the Mende, who speak a Mande language and live in the central and southern parts of the country, and the Temne, who speak a W Atlantic language and live in the north. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/sierra-leone
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| | English as a Global Language |
| | Calculating the ratio of one language with official status in comparison with the total of the official languages of the countries of the EU the situation would certainly show a deterioration for most national official languages and an improvement for the languages termed minority languages. | | | Secondly, all the communication between the member states and the institutions of the EU as well as between the institutions and the citizen should be possible in the official language the member state or the citizen choses to use. | | | This act was replaced in 1967 by the Welsh Language Act, which had been fought for in massive protests throughout the country and which made possible the use of Welsh for administrational purposes (cf. |
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http://webdoc.gwdg.de/edoc/ia/eese/artic20/witte/6_2000.html
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| | Home |
| | Danish and Frisian language and culture are the original ones in South Schleswig but have been partly covered up by the German language and culture. | | | The "Südschleswigscher Wählerverband” (the Voters’ Association of South Schleswig) is the political representation of the danish population and the national Frisians. | | | “Dansk Centralbibliotek for Sydslesvig” at Flensburg serves with 2 branch libraries at Schleswig and at Husum. |
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http://www.sydslesvigsk-forening.de/showpage.asp?ID=66
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| | Hoyer strives to keep Jewish vote for Dems=The Hill.com= |
| | House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer’s (D-Md.) speech Monday to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) will cap a yearlong strategy aimed at preventing an exodus of Jewish voters from Democratic ranks. | | | For example, when Hoyer, in conjunction with House Majority Whip Roy Blunt (R-Mo.), drafted a letter to Bush on the “roadmap” toward peace last May, Rep. Lois Capps (D-Calif.) circulated a rival letter, one that included stronger language against Israel. | | | Chief Deputy Whip Eric Cantor (Va.), the only House GOP member who is Jewish, disputed the possible effect that Hoyer’s efforts might have on the voting habits of Jewish voters. |
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http://www.thehill.com/news/121003/vote.aspx
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| | Majoritarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Majoritarianism is a political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language or some other identifying factor, sometimes not categorized at all) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. | | | Advocates of majoritarianism argue that majority decision making is intrinsically democratic and that any restriction on majority decision making is intrinsically undemocratic. | | | Majoritarianism is sometimes pejoratively called ochlocracy (commonly stated as mob rule) or tyranny of the majority by its opponents. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_rule
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