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Topic: Kemalism

Ads by Google      Kemalism. A cancer in Turkey's body Kemal, finally created a constitution for his new state, a constitution that, more or less is preserved until nowadays, in it's basic lines. The Kemalism and his supporters (The army, and the secularistic political parties), that control the state. He was influenced by the thoughts of Namik Kemal and became a member of the C.U.P. (Comitee for Union and Progress). http://users.otenet.gr/~blacktom/Mustfa.html      Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( March 12, 1881 - November 10, 1938), Turkish soldier and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. The theological schools were closed, the Sharia law of Islam was replaced by a law code based on that of Switzerland. This body repudiated the Sultan's government and the Treaty of Sevres. http://www.asinah.net/articles/content/k/ke/kemal_atatuerk.html      75 years of the Turkish Republic - A balance sheet of Kemalism Kemal's government also abolished the sultanate (the dynastic office of supreme ruler), and he drove out the members of the Ottoman dynasty, foundeding the republic in 1923. On October 29 1923, Mustafa Kemal Pasha became president of the newly founded state. Nearly all of these countries sent their head of state to the festivities where, under the eyes of the American Minister of Energy, they signed a declaration of intent with Turkey to build an oil pipeline. http://www.wsws.org/history/1998/nov1998/turk-n17.shtml      MSN Encarta - Turkey (country) His principles of government, known as Kemalism, remain the guiding principles for all Turkish governments, although they have been reinterpreted by successive generations of political leaders. Atatürk served as president of the Republic of Turkey until his death in 1938. During his rule, he sought to assert Turkey’s identity as a strong, modern, European state. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575380/Turkey_(country).html      ATATÃœRKS PRINCIPLES - www.odevsitesi.com Kemalism only recognises a Republican regime for Turkey. ATATÃœRKS PRINCIPLES Atatürks principles can be summed up in six fundamentals called Six Arrows: Republicanism: The Kemalist reforms represent a political revolution; a change from the multinational Ottoman Empire to the establishment of the nation state of Turkey and the realisation of national identity of modern Turkey. Kemalist ideology was, in fact, based on supreme value of Turkish citizenship. http://www.odevsitesi.com/2/13151.htm      Clash between religion and secularism in Turkey In Turkey the official orthodoxy of the state is Kemalism - the secular nationalism introduced by Turkey's founding father, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, when he created the modern state in the 1920s. Sabri Yirmibesoglu, himself a retired general, defends the view that it is wrong for women to wear headscarves in government schools or in government departments. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founded Turkey as a secular, western leaning state http://www.rozanehmagazine.com/SeptOct02/wturkish.htm      Republican People's Party (Turkey) But Turkey was certainly not democratic - as the CHP became the only legal party from 1924 through Atatürk's death in 1938 and finally after the end of World War II, Turkey became a multi-party democracy in 1950. President Mustafa Kemal, who ended up becoming Turkey's first president and prime minister, radically reformed all of Turkey's life - making it into a secular state. It opposes the conservative yet moderate Islamist government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his Justice and Development Party, which controls the Parliament. http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/R/Republican-People%27s-Party-(Turkey).htm      Newspaper Reader's Encyclopedic Dictionary in Turkish In September 2002, Baykal persuaded the influential Finance Minister Kemal Derviş to leave his position and join the CHP -- thus breaking with Prime Minister Ecevit and the DSP. The CHP was founded in the 1920's and led by Mustafa Kemal ( Atatürk) until his death in 1938 and by He continued to 'europeanize' Turkey until his untimely death in 1938 due to liver failure. http://www2.egenet.com.tr/mastersj/geographical-dictionary.html      The Turkish State and racist violence : Indymedia Belgium People were told that they would be punished if they rented houses or shops to Kurds, and that this was a decision that had been taken by the city councils in western Turkey. In 1923, Kemal declared republican rule over the countries remaining of the Ottoman Empire in 1923. During the Party Congress on 26 December 1938 he was given the title of 'National Chief' and was proclaimed the irreplaceable leader of the Party. http://belgium.indymedia.org/mail.php?id=1547      Some notes on Turkish political history Firstly, Kemalism is opposed to all progressive forces. Instead of taking independent revolutionary steps, they had always been affiliated to one of the main parties in the system: Republican Peoples’ Party and the Justice Party. Even after the death of Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues, Kemalist ideology continued to permeate the ideas of people of all political persuasions and indeed it was not until the 1970s that anybody was able to analyze it’s reactionary and fascist character and to struggle against it. http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/countries/turkey/turkishhistory.html      Boston Review John Tirman: Ataturk's Children Islam had served Kemal well, providing the fervor that defeated Greece, but when the state was safe the gazi discarded all vestiges of Islam. It survived, and then gradually accepted a (highly imperfect) form of democratic governance, beginning a dozen years after Ataturk's death. One man acted with particular force on this new image of Turkey: Mustapha Kemal, who, as a 33-year old general, had dealt the British their bitter defeat at Gallipoli in 1914. http://www.photius.com/thus/ataturk.html      What is the path to genuine democracy in Turkey? This was the source of the cult of the state and its founder Kemal Atatürk (the “Father of the Turks&;), and for the dominant role of the army. It is no wonder that right up to his death, Atatürk remained an admirer of Stalin. This was directed not only against British and Greek invaders and Armenian separatists, but also against the threat of social revolution to the property of both old and new exploiters. http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/oct1999/turk-o06_prn.shtml      Turkey : Kemalism opened to discussion However, they did not touch upon his approach classifying Turkey as a "doctrine state, ideological structure", the reality lay behind Oostlander's criticism on Kemalism. This is why the analysis titled "The end of Kemalism", which the Elefteros Tipos newspaper proudly published on April 26, is important. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/913944/posts      Jerusalem Post Breaking News from Israel, the Middle East and the Jewish World Turkey's prime minister has proved during the last year that it is possible to stay a religious Muslim in your private life while simultaneously being a fully fledged democrat in the handling of your country's affairs. Erdogan is a pro-Western politician who protects democracy in public life and navigates cautiously in order to avoid a collision with his main potential rival - Turkey's secular army, the guardian of Kemalism. Erdogan's victory was the most dramatic political upheaval since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 which launched a long process of modernization and democratization initiated by the legendary Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1069906927916      ZEDED “After September 12 coup in 1980, the political party of Mustafa Kemal was closed and members of “Halk Evleri” (People Houses) became defendants in Turkish Courts. New Turkish state rose on the reforms of Mustafa Kemal. According to Anýl Çeçen: “We can’t be contended with state Kemalism, Kemalism must be widened to public.” http://www.zeded.com/turkce/urun_detay.aspx?id=123      Between discrimination and hope:Christians in Turkey This constituted an important reason for the violation of human rights and minority rights. Kemalism is a legacy of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 on the division of Turkey after World War One. Oostlander states that the current constitution of 1982 was clearly written by the army. http://www.ishr.org/activities/religiousfreedom/turkey_2004.htm      Marxism message, Forwarded from E.Y. (Kemalism and the Kurds) New documents(I was told about this by a Norwegian historian) shows that Lenin approved Foreign minister Cernisevski's support for Kemal and did not want agitation against Kemalism(Kemal massacred Turkish Communist leaders as early as 1920) Later on, Stalinists declared that Kemal was representing the progressive bourgeoise and Kurds, feudalism. Instead racist-nationalist Enver Pasha, a former Ottoman general who was one of the organizators of the Ermenian genocide had been accepted as a delegate. The biggest uprising took place in 1925 in which thousands of Kurds were massacred) Kurdish delegates applied to join the Baku Congress however they were turned down. http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/marxism/2001/msg02850.htm      Hugh Fitzgerald on the Islamic challenge Kemalism was the result of the efforts of an enlightened despot, one who made war, for 15 years, through a series of acts and laws, against the power of Islam. The big difference between Kemal and his later Arab imitators is that he was more successful, and more competent. Ba'athism allowed the Alawites to adhere to, and to promote, an ideology that limited political rivals among the Sunni Muslim majority, but did not itself constitute a conscious effort, a la Mustafa Kemal, to tie Islam in knots. http://www.amnation.com/vfr/archives/002373.html      terms After an abortive attempt in June, a congress purporting to speak on behalf of all the regional resistance initiatives in Anatolia and in European Turkey, was finally convened by Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Sivas in September. Kemal goes further: he sees the civilization of contemporary Europe not only as the most viable civilization of the time, but as the only civilization: the choice is not between belonging to one civilization or the other, but between being civilized or barbaric. In a speech to notables in Ankara, immediately after his arrival, Kemal again related how the allies had trampled underfoot both the principles laid down by President Wilson and the original conditions of the armistice. http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/Research/terms.htm      Constitution A broad range of swift and sweeping reforms such as Turkish Women's right to vote and be elected to parliament in early 1930's, are enduring monuments to Mustafa Kemal. This document is the first constitution of Turkish Association for Secularism and Kemalism and consists of 7(seven) pages. Political systems based on religious laws are many times oppressive and against human rights. http://www.personal.psu.edu/clubs/TASK/constitution.htm      Civil The National Salvationists used their leverage to induce the normally secular Republican Peoples Party early in September 1980 to join in a motion of censure that unseated Foreign Minister Erkmen of the Justice Party for failing to support Islamic causes more assiduously. Atatürk instituted a series of radical reforms which constituted the foundation of the republic and became known as Kemalism. Even though Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the modern, secular state, had separated the military from politics, the armed forces continued to think of themselves as the guardians of secular, reformist, and democratic goals proclaimed by Atatürk and followed by his successor Inönü. http://www.tamiu.edu/~nmomayezi/Civil.htm      History Forum > Turkey in crisis? Get rid of Kemalism and bring a more modern democracy.Because Mustafa Kemal lived and acted 80 years ago,so his system is unfashionable and inpractical. It's historical role is fullfilled, Turkey is a secular state and not some weird Theocracy and Turkey has approached the West. The army must look its own job and the politicians its own.There is corruption,there are problems but the army solves none of it.Let it go and then you'll see that the Cyprus issue,the problems with Greece,Kurdish issue and international condemnation by human right groups and governments might as well disappear in some years. http://www.simaqianstudio.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t994.html      Nereid: Present Mustafa Kemal's leadership and authority was unquestioned in the country and was not criticised until long after his death in 1938. This case study of Said Nursi and the Nur movement raises several questions of importance for the general understanding of the relationship between state and religion in an Islamic context; how was secularism and nationalism understood and practised by the Turkish authorities? This tradition shares the anti-religious and pro-nationalist sentiments of Kemalism, and because of this, some leftist writers were held in high esteem by the authorities, as for example Çetin Özek (1934&;), one of the Nurcus' most ardent critics. http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/publ/nereid-p.html      Corporatism in Kemalist Turkey Progress or Order? by Taha Parla and Andrew Davison :: Syracuse University Press ... the name given to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's party's political thought and practice Through a textual and contextual analysis of Kemalism in Atatürk's speeches and the official documents of the ruling Republican People's Party, Taha Parla and Andrew Davison offer fresh interpretations of the political, economic, social, and cultural goals of the Kemalist version of Turkish nationalism. Help with your order/NY State Sales Tax/International shipping rates http://www.syracuseuniversitypress.syr.edu/fall-2004-catalog/kemalist-turkey.html      ARCHIVE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION - 21st Century Kemalism: Redefining Turkey-EU Relations in the Post-Helsinki Era. CEPS ... This could both reinforce the rapprochement between the two and accelerate Turkish democratic reform in the 21st century. ARCHIVE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION - 21st Century Kemalism: Redefining Turkey-EU Relations in the Post-Helsinki Era. (2001) 21st Century Kemalism: Redefining Turkey-EU Relations in the Post-Helsinki Era. http://aei.pitt.edu/archive/00001836      Qantara.de - Bekim Agai - Islam and Kemalism in Turkey Its first president was Mustafa Kemal, later named Atatürk. The old caliphate gave way to a laicistic nation state, with new state structures and a new legal system. From then on, laicism meant the control of religious expression through the state. http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-301/_nr-45/_p-1/i.html?PHPSESSID=d7b7ed3b2155eacdb2f4d12393b33902      The Sad Story of Turkish Secularism by Dr. Ahmad Shafaat After the death of Ataturk the imposition of secularist order was continued by his successors. Ataturk began by putting the administration of all religious affairs, including religious education, under his government's control. As part of this new enlightening tradition, Mustafa Kemal assumed the family name of Ataturk and became Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, although some people, who would, I imagine, be considered ignorant and backward by the Kemalists, still call him Mustafa Kemal Pasha. http://www.themodernreligion.com/pol/turk-sec.html      Atasoy: Islamic Revivalism and the Nation-State... The Turkish Republic was founded in 1923 with Mustafa Kemal as its first president. (3) The idea that the War of Independence was an Islamic jihad was also propogated by M. Kemal himself in his call for the openning of the Grand National Assembly in 1920. This openned the way for Kemalism to produce a system of oppositions in the construction of a national political space. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/CSS97/papers/competin.html      Commentary Magazine - Turkey-A Case in Constructive Nationalism ...Kemalism-and the Young Turk movement from which it originally stemmed-took shape during the early part of the 20th century when constitutional democracy was still the goal of reformers and nationalists... ...and that if absolute political freedom were granted, the reactionaries would exploit it to incite the people against reform and progress, dragging Turkey back into the stagnation and chaos from which Kemal had rescued her only just in.time to prevent national extinction... ...Kemal adopted state capitalism because it was the only available instrument for industrializing Turkey, not because he had any fixed ideas about economics in general... http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V30I2P7-1.htm      Teetering on the Democratic edge Gokhan Capoglu, a former Member of Parliament and now professor at Bilkent University, argues that "we have to achieve a liberal democracy. Ozel says there are "liberal people in most every political party," though no party has yet taken up the reform cause. "Kemalism is treated like a religion," says Yayla, also a university professor. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/709678/posts      The Head Heeb: Atatürk's legacy Sukarno, who was one of the few post-colonial leaders to openly acknowledge Atatürk's influence on his ideological thinking, likewise considered Kemalist Turkey as a model for a secular Indonesian state. Both Turkey and Bulgaria have retreated substantially from their extreme Kemalist policies, and the opening of political competition in both countries has led to increased questioning of the nationalist underpinnings of the state. The ideology of Kemalism has been described as containing "six principles: republicanism, populism or social solidarity, secularism, reformism, nationalism and statism," all of which recur frequently in post-colonial nation-building projects. http://headheeb.blogmosis.com/archives/023812.html      Understanding Kemalism Even to discuss as Kemalism the six principles that Ataturk once put in his party platform for instilling the fundamental reforms in the public is to say the least over simplistic and disingenuous. As there is lack of understanding Kemalism, there is also a need for a common agreement on what constitute Ataturk’s reforms. Why are there then many different attributes to Kemalism? http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/kemalizm.html      Mustafa Kemal ATATURK - Turkish Republic His background was military, and he served in various posts in the Ottoman army. The doctrines of Ataturk or Kemalism is a system of thought based on the facts of Turkey. It requires to experience a modern social life, to establish a secular state, and to govern with a positive science mentality. http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ataturk.html      The American Jewish Committee - Annual Meeting Speeches But he in his own way thinks that he can be the Mustafa Kemal Ataturk of Pakistan. Kemalism also has an uneasy relationship with political Islam. Much like Zionism has created Israel, Kemalism has created the modern republic of Turkey in 1923, a very strong tradition that's constitutionally guaranteed, which calls for, first of all, a strictly secular state, a strict separation of church and state. http://www.ajc.org/annualmeeting/speechesShow.asp?did=1171      The Sprout. Number 10. 3 June 2003. Graft. TURKEY: Unending Tension So Sami Hacioglu argues in the Yeni Safak that Kemalism should be privatized, i.e. The only way to wither away this state is to remove Kemalism." Islamists believe that Kemalism is a state ideology promoting the army's increasing role and repressing Muslims. Arie Oostlander's draft report on entry to the EU attracted much criticism from official and civil figures in Turkey, particularly over his understanding of Kemalism. http://www.thesprout.net/010/graft/graft10.htm      Turkey - Political Interest Groups However, in 1960 senior officers were so alarmed by government policies they perceived as deviating from Kemalism that they intervened directly in the political process by overthrowing the elected government and setting up a military regime. Believing by October 1961 that this goal had been achieved, the officers returned to the barracks, whence they exercised oversight of civilian politicians. In 1987 the military had become persuaded that what it called "Islamic fundamentalism" was a potentially serious threat to its vision of Kemalism. http://countrystudies.us/turkey/85.htm      The Daily Star - Book Reviews - Turkey's mysterious motions and Turkish poetry Kemalism is known for its radical embrace of the Western through a secular state, but Kemal AtatŸrk fought one of the first anti-Western and anti-colonial wars against English, French and Italian interests on Anatolian soil to create this state. It is a counter-vision to the dilemma between civil war and reconciliation which has beset many other cities in the Middle East, from Beirut to Baghdad to Tel-Aviv. On the one hand, one has a majority of the population instinctively turning away from the West, insisting on the Islamic and ideological singularity, purity of Istanbul. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=21&article_id=10263      Transnational democratization: human and political rights in Turkey in the context of EU candidature Kemalism is also very much a contemporary force in Turkish political life, particularly within education, the military, secular political parties, and the state bureaucracy (Navaro-Yashin 1998). Turkey's modernization since the inception of the Republic in 1923 has been closely associated with Kemalism, an ideology which holds that rapid socio-economic development should be state led (Ahmad 1993). Kemalism (named after Kemal Ataturk, founder and father-figure of the Republic) equates modernity with progress, where modernity, universality and Western values are synonymous. http://www.chrisrumford.org.uk/transnational_democratization.html      Preface I will argue, however, that though beliefs are not unique to parties they can only be reformed with the help of political parties and tested through time and popularity with the help of elections. Thatâs why I had to return and focus on the notion of ideological continuity. The party and its official party programs enabled me to analyze the change over time. http://www.istanbulmuseum.org/muze/old_site/preface.html      EUbusiness - Turkey defends tradition against critics in European Parliament Kemalism is named after modern Turkey's founding father Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938). "Kemalism, the Turkish state's core philosophy, entails an exaggerated fear of compromising the country's territorial unity," the report said, adding that Kemalism was an "obstacle" on Turkey's road to Europe. ANKARA, March 25 (AFP) - Turkey on Tuesday denounced a European Parliament draft report stating that Kemalism, the country's founding ideology, was a hindrance to its joining the European Union. http://www.eubusiness.com/imported/2003/03/106392      Untitled Document "It's thanks to Kemalism that Turkey's face is turned towards the West," he added, referring to the doctrine which defends Western values and the principle of a secular state. "Eighty years on, Turks defend Ataturk's legacy", Turks have been rallying around Kemalism, their country's guiding ideology drawn up by founding father Kemal Ataturk, after a European Parliament report accused it of being an obstacle to Ankara's bid to join the EU. Turks have been rallying around Kemalism, their country's guiding ideology drawn up by founding father Kemal Ataturk, after a European Parliament report accused it of being an obstacle to Ankara's bid to join the EU. http://www.freedom-for-ocalan.com/bulletin/2003/eMarch28.htm      Letter to EU Since Kemal Ataturk did not create one, and in fact emphatically and personally opposed to the formulation of one as the world leaders of the time were doing, no ideology can be attributed to him. The term Kemalism and an ideology under that name were unscrupoulusly coined and used by writers for the sake of brevity of reference to his socio-political reforms. He in fact practiced and advised always a pragmatic approach dictated by prevailing circumstances. http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/euletter.html      History of Pakistan and Ch. Rahmat Ali Such, in brief, is the origin, the history, and the effect of 'Kemalism'. For, after all, we are not the only people who have suffered subjection of the British rule. This attitude and action most of us conveniently justify in the name of 'Kemalism' (Kemal Attaturk-founder of secular Turkey), little realising that 'Kemalism' is not a heaven-sent cult for us; and also that, in its original form, it was definitely a protest against Europeanism. http://www.universalbookshops.com/articles/cra/WesternCulture.htm      icgoru.com - Makale This is precisely that image which the secular, state-building ideology of Kemalism has tired to dethrone... When the Father of the Law is relegated to such inaccessible realms as in the case of Sunni Islam (or in a more muted and secular form as in Kemalism), it would seem that traditional religiosity reverts to a space that can only be called maternal. At a public level, the crisis of the State and its attendant ideology of Kemalism, has divested the political centre from some of its awesome aspect. http://www.icgoru.com/makale/islam.shtml      Sword of Truth News items Jamaat's leader Qazi Husain Ahmad said, Pakistan was a land of slaves of Prophet Mohammed and only an Islamic System would work there. He also said, "Those regarding Kemalism as their ideal must bear in mind that the overthrow of the Nawaz Sharif government was not the result of a coup by a few individuals. Instead, it was the outcome of the collective thinking of the armed forces and a well thought out mass movement against the Sharif government. http://www.swordoftruth.com/swordoftruth/archives/newswatch/199943/news11.html      Islam/ The United States has built a civil society based on religious biblical values but with no state church. There is a big difference between American civil society and Turkish Kemalism. Freedom of religion is protected, and freedom of worship and the right to express one's religious beliefs in society is considered a basic individual right. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/6274/islam1.htm      Turkish Armenian Communication Forum attention for me. Was it Mustafa Kemal which created a cult out of his name or his successors? you are showing himself as a person who is reluctant to discuss Kemalism. One point in your message was worthwhile to pay http://www.network54.com/Forum/message?forumid=13181&messageid=919293441      Dhimmi Watch: Erdogan to EU: Let Turkey in or else It has been pushing its luck with the United States, and those who make policy are beginning to realize that "Kemalism" is not a given, and therefore Turkey, as an ally, is not a given -- on either side. In other words, the explanation for the rejection should put the blame squarely on those who have acted in the name of, and according to the tenets of, Islam. Now that the Soviet Union does not constitute a threat, and now that Erdogan is hellbent on dismembering Kemalism (using the very application to the EU as justification, and excuse, for depriving the army of some of its powers), Turkey can be seen more clearly. http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/003171.php      Markus Dreßler, Kollegiat am MAX-WEBER-KOLLEG The founder of the state, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, is conceived as the modern Mahdi, as a reincarnation of Alevi saints, who appeared in order to save the Alevis from Ottoman suppression. The dissertation argues that the phenomenon whereby Kemalism becomes sanctified can be described by consideration of three connected factors. First, the collective Alevi consciousness of being a threatened minority surrounded by a Sunni majority, and the potential victim of an islamization of the republic, encourages the Alevi to defend the ideology of laic Kemalism severely. http://www.uni-erfurt.de/maxwe/personen/dressler/dressler_forsch.html      Ziya Gökalp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This page was last modified 19:46, 27 Mar 2005. He was the person affecting Kemalism the most. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziya_Gökalp

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