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| | History: Documents on Germany, 1944-1959 : background documents on Germany, 1944-1959, and a chronology of political developments affecting Berlin, 1945-1956: Contents |
 | | Draft election law of the Volkskammer of the German Democratic Republic, January 9, 1952, pp. | | | Letter from the Foreign Minister of the German Democratic Republic (Bolz) to Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union (Zorin), September 20, 1955, p. | | | Draft election law of the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany, February 6, 1952, pp. |
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http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.BackgrndDocs
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| | Germany germany htm german berlin bundestag european republic states democratic state - KnoliX.com |
| | As is typical for states in which the rule of law prevails, the German government consists of three branches, the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. | | | The Federal Republic is bordered to the north by Denmark, to its east by Poland and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland and to its west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. | | | The German language and the feeling of "Germanhood" go back more than a thousand years, but the state now known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state only in 1871, when the German Empire, dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia, was forged. |
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http://www.knolix.com/a/Germany.htm
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| | Encyclopedia: Chancellor of Germany |
| | Reichskanzler of the 1919 Weimar Republic : The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic (Pronounced Vye-Mar, and in German it is known as the Weimarer Republik). | | | The new constitution of the 1919 Weimar Republic said that the Reichskanzler was appointed by the Imperial President, but that the parliament had the right to dismiss a chancellor or any of the ministers. | | | The Federal Constitutional Court (in German: Bundesverfassungsgericht) is a special court established by the German constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Chancellor-of-Germany
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| | Nazi Germany |
| | On July 31, 1919, a democratic constitution was adopted by the National Assembly of the Weimar Republic. | | | It bore the democratic features of the British, American, and French constitutions, but the autocratic traits of the German political tradition were also preserved. | | | Thus to most of the Germans, the Republic came to be associated with German defeat in the First World War and a humiliating peace as well. |
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http://www.thecorner.org/hists/total/n-german.htm
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| | Post-War German History (Chronology) |
| | FRG/BRD is invited to join NATO permitting West German rearmament (Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany), and Italy and the FRG/BRD accede to the Western European Union (WEU). | | | The first all-German election of the head of state is held and Roman Herzog, president of the Federal Constitutional Court at the time, is elected federal president by the Federal Convention in Berlin. | | | Legalization of first trimester abortion is declared unconstitutional by German Constitutional Court (thus reversing new law before it went into effect; but: will not be prosecuted). |
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http://faculty.washington.edu/~krumme/german/chronology.html
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| | Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz, GG) |
| | Germans in the Länder of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thuringia have achieved the unity and freedom of Germany in free self-determination. | | | (3) At the request of the Federal President the Federal Chancellor, or at the request of the Federal Chancellor or of the Federal President a Federal Minister, shall be obliged to continue to manage the affairs of his office until a successor is appointed. | | | If the Federal President is unable to perform his duties, or if his office falls prematurely vacant, the President of the Bundesrat shall exercise his powers. |
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http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/GG.htm
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| | Germany (02/05) |
| | The government is parliamentary, and a democratic constitution emphasizes the protection of individual liberty and division of powers in a federal structure. | | | Though anxious to relieve serious hardships for divided families and to reduce friction, the F.R.G. under Brandt was intent on holding to its concept of "two German states in one German nation." Relations improved, however, and in September 1973, the F.R.G. and the G.D.R. were admitted to the United Nations. | | | Germans often describe their economic system as a "social market economy." The German Government provides an extensive array of social services. |
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http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm
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| | The Democratic Republic of Congo |
| | Laurent-Désiré Kabila declared himself president on May 17 and later re-named the country Democratic Republic of Congo, introduced a new flag (which was strangely enough similar to the one of the Congo Free State), a new national anthem and the Congolese Franc that replaced the heavily inflated Zaire. | | | The country was formerly called Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zaire, then again Democratic Republic of Congo and had a history of colonialists and tyrants trying to volatile the country's vast natural resources. | | | This was the justification for Uganda to participate in the war next of its president Museveni being an ally to Rwandan president Kagame. |
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http://congobandit.tripod.com
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| | German Unification |
| | But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. | | | With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the peaceful annexation of the East, German politicians became accountable for the restoration of justice. To enter the process of democratization under the burden of expropriation was inconceivable. | | | Irrespective of the many critics and their numerous arguments, the German chancellor, Helmut Kohl, chose a strategy that eventually entered German political history as the commonly referred to 'tax lie.' In the presence of the upcoming federal elections, the CDU did not want to transfer the costs of unification directly to the taxpayer and voter. |
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http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html
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| | Virtual Azerbaijan (VAR) presents: The Rise and Fall of South Azerbaijan Democratic Republic |
| | The leaders of Kurdistan Democratic Party, Qazi Mohammed and his supporters, were hanged in Mahabad. Throughout both Republics, all the buildings belonging to National Governments, along with houses, crops, and newly constructed schools and universities were set on fire. | | | An anti-colonial approach in studying the rise and fall of south Azerbaijani Democratic Republic is particularly important in that the colonial power relations leading to the downfall of the Republic are still as active today as they were half a century ago. | | | On December 15, 1945, the Democratic Party of Kurdistan proclaimed a Kurdish People's Republic. On January 21, 1946, Qazi Mohammad was elected to the presidency of the Republic. The Kurdish Republic set out to follow the democratic reforms and events taking place in the neighboring Azerbaijan. |
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http://www.zerbaijan.com/azeri/AlirezaAsgharzadeh.htm
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| | Germany |
| | In free elections, West German voters gave a majority in the Constituent Assembly to the Christian Democrats, with the Social Democrats largely making up the opposition. | | | The architect of this new German unity was Otto von Bismarck, a conservative, monarchist, and militaristic Prussian prime minister. | | | The Social Democrats, led by Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann, crushed the Communists and established a moderate state, known as the Weimar Republic, with Ebert as president. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107568.html
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| | Chronology of the German Democratic Republic: |
| | Foundation of Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR/German Democratic Republic Wilhelm Pieck President and Otto Grotewohl Minister President | | | German Peoples Council (parliament) announces constitution for the German Democratic Republic | | | Publication of a constitutional draft for a German Democratic Republic by party leadership of SED |
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http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~mercerb/chgdr.html
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| | PETER FLORIN - 42nd Session |
| | He was the representative of the German Democratic Republic in the Security Council from 1984 to 1981 and held the presidency in the council in February 1980 and March 1981. | | | Peter Florin (German Democratic Republic), elected this afternoon as President of the forty-second session of the General Assembly, has served as his country's Deputy Foreign Minister since 1969. | | | In 1969, he was appointed State Secretary and First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the German Democratic Republic. |
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http://www.un.org/ga/55/president/bio42.htm
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| | Khrushchev Liberates German Nazi War Criminals in USSR in 1955 |
| | Pieck, the then Premier Minister of the German Democratic Republic, in cooperation with Khrushchev, also took the revisionist stand and agreed that these Nazi war criminals should be liberated and given amnesty. | | | And sure enough, under pressure from Khrushchev and his revisionist clique, the decision was taken on September 28, 1955 to liberate 8,877 German war criminals to the GDR and also to West Germany. | | | All the German prisoners of war captured during the War were freed right after the war in conformance with the Yalta and Potsdam Agreements by the Allies. |
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http://www.northstarcompass.org/nsc0106/nazis.htm
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| | Democratic party on Encyclopedia.com |
| | The German Democratic Republic with General secretary of the German Communist Party Wilhelm ULBRICHT and mostl (PAR57121) | | | Military parade, during the founding of the 10th anniversary of DDR, the German Democratic Republic. | | | Republican victories in governor's races in Kentucky and Mississippi underscored the Democratic party's woes in the South.(The Week)(Brief Article) |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/D/Democrat.asp
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| | List of state leaders in 1956: Information From Answers.com |
| | President - Wilhelm Pieck, President of the German Democratic Republic ( 1949 - 1960) | | | President - Theodor Heuss, President of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 1949 - 1959) | | | President - Chiang Kai-Shek, President of the Republic of China ( 1947 - 1975) |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-state-leaders-in-1956
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| | The Authority of Everyday Objects: Introduction |
| | In the East German case, consumer desire frequently has been identified as a major political impetus behind the sudden collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as the Socialist Unity Party’s continual promises of worker prosperity eventually provoked a rallying cry of opposition denouncing the state’s political malfeasance, hypocrisy, and illegitimacy. | | | The Federal Republic’s constitutional campaign to decentralize the state, education, and culture was part and parcel of this postfascist sensibility. | | | By the mid-1950s, however, the Bauhaus legacy became increasingly associated with the Federal Republic. |
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http://ucpress.org/books/pages/10119/10119.intro.html
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| | Nazi Party (NSDAP) |
| | The German people were asked to vote whether they approved the consolidation of the offices of President and Chancellor in a single Leader-Chancellor personified by Adolf Hitler. | | | However, the national government in Berlin were concerned and passed a "Law for the Protection of the Republic". | | | The German Social Democrat Party was the largest party in the Reichstag, it did not have a majority over all the other parties, and the SPD leader, Hermann Mueller, had to rely on the support of others to rule Germany. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERnazi.htm
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| | The East German communists and the origins of the Berlin blockade crisis |
| | Failing at this, however, the Western effort to establish a sovereign Federal Republic of Germany had to be undermined by all measures short of war. | | | For Moscow, the resulting migration of East German workers to the west and electoral setbacks for the Socialist Unity Party in 1946 heightened the dual threat of Western economic absorption and a strong and independent German state to the west. | | | German sacrifices also had their unpredictable and far-reaching side effects with which the Soviet occupiers had to grapple. |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/penna.htm
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| | Democratic Republic of Congo DRC on the Internet |
| | News on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda. | | | Causes of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the way forward" by Claude Kabemba) and the complete texts of their most recent policy briefs (" From dilemma to détente: Pretoria's policy options on the DRC and Great Lakes " by Francis Kornegay and Chris Landsberg. | | | Held the Montreal Conference on Durable Peace and Democratic Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo, (Jan. 1999) and the International Non-Governmental Commission of Inquiry into the Massive Violations of Human Rrights Committed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaïre) 1996-1997, (Aug. 1998). |
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http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html
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| | International People's Times |
| | Before the granting of German membership, the Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic and the Government of the German Democratic Republic concluded a Treaty of Mutual Alliance. | | | Newly revived, the German Democratic Republic is a socialist micro-state which marks another victory of democracy. | | | Democratic Leader returned to his office and took a rest. |
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http://internationaltimes.blogspot.com
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| | Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy |
| | German culture was widely admired, the German language taught in public schools, German political traditions viewed as essentially democratic. | | | At a cabinet meeting of March 20, Attorney General Gregory asserted that German intrigues were afoot but complained of the helplessness of his Depart-ment under existing laws.31 In his address asking for a Declaration of War, Wilson cited spying as an example of the hostile intent of the Prussian autocracy: | | | In his message to the Congress asking for a Declaration of War, he was emphatic: We have no quarrel with the German people. |
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http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa2.html
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| | The Grass Will Not Be Trampled Because the Tigers Need Not Fight New Thoughts and Old Paradigms for Détente across the Taiwan Strait |
| | Dachtheorie) diagnosed that the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany were two legal entities existing under the one roof of the invisible, but extant, German Reich. | | | Brandt, the mutual relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were of a specific kind. | | | The Court clarified that the practices at the border between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, including the wall, barbed wire, free-fire zones, and the order to shoot, were incompatible with the Treaty. |
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http://law.vanderbilt.edu/journal/34-03/Puder.htm
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| | McNair Paper 39 - Notes 3 |
| | The Constitution of the German Democratic Republic, op. | | | Stephen F. abo, "Federal Republic of Germany: The Bundeswehr," in Jeffrey Simon (ed.), European Security Policy After the Revolutions of 1989 (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1991), pp. | | | The all-German armed forces would be reduced to 370,000 by 31 December 1994, when the Soviet WGF also would have withdrawn from Germany. |
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http://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair39/m039not3.html
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| | 2. The German Democratic Republic (East Germany). 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |
| | As a countermove to developments in the West, the GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC was established in eastern Germany without an election and with WILHELM PIECK as PRESIDENT and OTTO GROTEWOHL as MINISTER PRESIDENT (a figurehead role for an aging Social Democrat), and with a predominantly Communist cabinet. | | | On May 30 the Congress adopted the draft constitution of the Democratic Republic. | | | Elections for a People's Congress in eastern Germany, despite official pressure, gave only 66.1 percent backing to the single list of Communist-approved candidates. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/67/3011.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Search View - East Germany |
| | It was established officially as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; German Deutsche Demokratische Republik) on October 7, 1949, as one of two successor states—West Germany (officially the Federal Republic of Germany, or the FRG) being the other—to the nation of Germany after its defeat in World War II (1939-1945). | | | He helped found the Socialist Unity Party (German Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands), a Communist organization, in 1946, and was general secretary of the party from 1950 to 1971, first deputy premier of the republic from 1949 to 1950, and chairperson of the Council of State from 1960 to 1973. | | | The Christian Democratic coalition, led by West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, scored a decisive victory in elections for the new German government in December 1990, and Kohl became chancellor of the unified Germany. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/text_761553194__1/East_Germany.html
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| | Democratic Republic of Congo DRC on the Internet |
| | Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members - Democratic Republic of the Congo | | | Members are Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. | | | News on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda. |
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http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html
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| | Romania, a country study |
| | After his election to the newly created office of president of the republic in 1974, Ceausescu officially assumed the duties of head of state while remaining leader of the Romanian Communist Party and supreme commander of the armed forces. | | | The bishop's words fell on deaf ears in Vienna; and Hungarian, German, and Szekler deputies, jealously clinging to their noble privileges, openly mocked the bishop and snarled that the Romanians were to the Transylvanian body politic what “moths are to clothing.” Klein eventually fled to Rome where his appeals to the pope proved fruitless. | | | German again became the official language, but the Austrians reinstated neither serfdom nor the nobles' monopoly on land ownership or tax-exempt status. |
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http://www.pos1.info/r/romanstu.htm
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| | TCS: Tech Central Station - Hawks and the Presidency |
| | His piece reminds us how Republican leaders at the time wandered into the same fever swamp of doom-mongering, appeasement, and blaming America first that many of today's Democrats find themselves mired in. | | | If he is elected a critical cultural and political shift will dramatically change the way the Democratic Party behaves no matter what he actually does while in office. | | | But it won't sink in while they're on the bench. |
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http://www.techcentralstation.com/092004E.html
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