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| | People's Weekly World Newspaper Online - Freedom Rides hit the road |
 | | “The first freedom rides occurred in the 1840s and were a protest against Jim Crow laws imposing segregation in train and carriage travel in Pennsylvania, New York and New England,” said Rev. James Lawson, one of the co-ordinators of the 1961 Freedom Rides. | | | During the 1961 Freedom Rides, although buses were burned, and riders savagely attacked, the right to access to public accommodations was established. | | | Legalization and the establishment of “a path to citizenship,” including voting rights, tops the IWFR’s agenda, according to Freedom Ride Chair Maria Elena Durazo, head of Local 11 of the Hotel and Restaurant Employees Union. |
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http://www.pww.org/article/view/4120/1/182
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| | Freedom_Ride_DB_Fankhauser |
| | With most of the Freedom Riders injured, and the danger of the violence escalating to someone being killed, it was suggested that the Freedom Rides should be discontinued. | | | I later learned that he was convinced that the Freedom Rides were nothing more than a Communist conspiracy, and since the Communists didn't believe in money, he could trip me up by getting me to acknowledge that I didn't believe in it. | | | The Minnesota delegation was finally permitted to interview all of the Freedom Riders. |
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm
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| | Lowndes County Freedom Party |
| | It was during that time that he enrolled at Howard University, the historically-Black college in Washington, D.C., and shortly thereafter became active in the Freedom Rides-bus trips to the South to join non-violent protesters at lunch counters and in the streets. | | | Kwame organized the all-Black Loundes County Freedom Organization in Alabama, which took the emblem of a Black panther to fulfill a state requirement that all political parties have a logo. | | | McGILL, Elzie (1903-) RJB 280 One of the founders of the Lowndes County (Alabama) Co-op, Inc. Leader of the Lowndes County Freedom Movement. |
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http://users.skynet.be/suffrage-universel/us/uspalcfp.htm
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| | SacObserver.com [COMMUNITY] Marchers Seek To Rekindle King's 'Dream' |
| | In December 1962, in the heat of sit-ins, freedom rides, marches and boycotts, Randolph, with the help of strategist and organizer Bayard Rustin, began planning another national demonstration, this one called the "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom." Asked by President John F. Kennedy to cancel the march, Black leaders refused. | | | Hazel Trice Edney is a NNPA Washington correspondent. | | | The mere threat of that march caused President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, forbidding discrimination by defense contractors, and establishing the Fair Employment Practices Committee to investigate discrimination complaints. |
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http://www.sacobserver.com/community/081903/king_dream_anniversary.shtml
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| | John Kennedy and Civil Rights |
| | The reaction of the KKK to the Freedom Rides of 1961 was shown on national television and clearly shocked the public. | | | In terms of voter registration, Kennedy’s administration did nothing in its first year in office. | | | This proved to be the case and Kennedy lead the Democrats to victory over Richard Nixon in 1960. |
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http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/john_kennedy_and_civil_rights.htm
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| | normhill.html |
| | He took part in a 'journey of Reconciliation" to test enforcement of the 1946 Irene Morgan case decision outlawing discrimination in interstate travel, a protest that was a model of the "freedom rides" of the 1960s. | | | And, of course, Bayard was the logistical coordinator and point-man for the triumphant 1963 March on Washington, which saw 250,000 people peacefully demonstrate for jobs and freedom in what was surely the civil rights movement's finest hour. | | | And the world lost a passionate and outspoken advocate of freedom and democracy who, at an age when most men would have retired, crisscrossed the globe to confront injustice and defend the oppressed, be it in South Africa, Haiti, Poland, or Chile. |
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http://www.socialdemocrats.org/normhill.html
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| | Another Day in the Empire |
| | Is it possible Richard Perle, David Frum, Ann Coulter, Daniel Pipes, David Horowitz, and other far right types believe it was treasonous subversion when civil rights activists staged sit-ins at lunch counters and freedom rides? | | | And that's exactly what those on the far right such as Ann Coulter hope for -- antiwar "traitors" made to "pay with their freedom" for their "hate America" subversion and pernicious, terrorist-friendly treason. | | | Was "hate America" subversion in the air when activists in the women's movement for the right to vote in the late 1880s participated in silent vigils, mass demonstrations, and hunger strikes? |
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http://www.kurtnimmo.com/blogger.html
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| | Freedom |
| | Freedom rides The Freedom Rides were a series of student political protests performed in Student Non-violent Coordinatin... | | | Freedom County, Washington Freedom County is a secessionist portion of 1995. | | | Freedom of the press Freedom of the press is the guarantee by a constitution for its organizations, and their published... |
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http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/topics/freedom.html
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| | Freedom Rides -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | July 9, 1999, Fredericksburg, Va.), led the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and introduced the nonviolent sit-ins and Freedom Rides that became emblematic of the African-American struggle for equal opportunity and freedom of choice. | | | U.S. civil rights leader James Farmer led the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and introduced the nonviolent sit-ins and Freedom Rides that became symbols of the civil rights movement of the early 1960s. | | | American civil rights activist who, as a leader of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), helped shape the civil rights movement through his nonviolent activism and organizing of sit-ins and Freedom Rides, which broadened popular support for passage of the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts in the mid-1960s. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9399760
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| | SHUSTERMAN'S IMMIGRATION UPDATE (October 2003), a Free Monthly Newsletter on U.S. Immigration Law and Procedure, Immigration, Law Offices of Carl Shusterman, http://shusterman.com |
| | The rides were inspired by the Freedom Rides of the 1960's civil rights movement. | | | "The Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride represents the demand for equality and justice for all, the end of racism and full civil rights for immigrant workers and their families," stated Rev. James Lawson, an organizer of the 1960's Freedom Rides and President of the Los Angeles-based Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice. | | | Freedom Riders - Between September 20 and October 4, thousands of immigrant Freedom Riders boarded buses in Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Chicago, Houston, Miami and Boston and arrived in Washington, DC to call on Congress to pass legislation to legalize millions of workers toiling in the United States without papers. |
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http://www.shusterman.com/oct03.html
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| | Civil Rights Movement Veterans -- Bibliography |
| | Freedom Rides: Journey for Justice, James Haskins, Hyperion Books for Children, 1995. | | | The early days of the Movement, Nashville sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and the lives of key activists since then. | | | Freedom On My Mind The story of the Mississippi freedom movement in the early 1960s when a handful of young activists changed history. |
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http://www.crmvet.org/biblio.htm
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| | Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient James Leonard Farmer Jr., Civil Rights Leader |
| | In 1961, James Farmer orchestrated and led the famous Freedom Rides through the South, which are renown for forcing Americans to confront segregation in bus terminals and on interstate buses. | | | The Freedom Rides had begun and young Farmer was on board one of the buses. | | | Farmer, a native of Marshall, Texas is the founder of CORE - the Congress of Racial Equality - which was responsible for the Freedom Rides in the summer of 1961. |
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http://www.medaloffreedom.com/JamesFarmer.htm
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| | Mississippi Civil Rights Movement |
| | The Freedom Rides involved sending integrated teams of college students into Mississippi (and other Deep South states) on Trailways and Greyhound buses to test the United States Supreme Court decision banning segregation in public interstate transportation. | | | The other student protest prior to the Freedom Rides was a read-in at the Jackson Municipal Library by nine Tougaloo College students. | | | Moreover, in the aftermath of the Freedom Rides, CORE and SNCC quickly expanded in the state, ending the NAACP's longstanding monopoly on civil rights activism. |
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http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature21/civilrights.html
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| | Freedom Riders’ Reunion - brief history |
| | The next morning the Freedom Rides boarded the buses and took their places, blacks and whites seated together on the bus, an act already considered a crime in most segregated states. | | | Five months after the first Freedom Rides left on their historic ride the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in conjunction with the US Attorney General Robert Kennedy issued a tough new Federal order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities based on “race, color or creed.” The law became effective on November 1st, 1961. | | | A second grassroots movement called “Freedom Highways” followed that was a precursor to the “Freedom Summer project” in 1964-1965 when thousands of student volunteers came to the South to work on voter registration, school and housing issues in the black community. |
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http://www.freedomridersfoundation.org/brief.history.html
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| | 40th Anniversary of the Freedom rides |
| | Former Freedom Rider and Congressman John Lewis (D-GA) was the special guest of honor at a May 21 Kennedy Library Public Forum commemorating the 40th anniversary of the 1961 Freedom Rides. | | | Joining Congressman Lewis at the Kennedy Library's special 40th anniversary commemoration of the Freedom Rides was John Seigenthaler, former Administrative Assistant to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who represented the U.S. Justice Department in trying to protect the lives of the Freedom Riders. | | | It was during those rides that Lewis risked his life and was beaten severely by mobs for challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals across the South. |
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http://www.jfklibrary.org/newsletter_summer2001_08.html
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| | Freedom rides - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Freedom Rides were a series of student political protests performed in 1961 as part of the US civil rights movement. | | | There was one Freedom Ride prior to the famous ones; in 1947, Bayard Rustin and George Houser of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a Freedom Ride through the South following a Supreme Court ruling desegregating the buses themselves (though not the bus terminals) in interstate travel. | | | The rides were organized by activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) as well as the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_rides
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| | My Name Is Freedom Albany, Georgia |
| | He had left Howard University to join the Freedom Rides and was jailed on arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, making his way past a mob of howling, cursing people who threw lighted cigarettes at him. | | | Instead of insisting that blacks and whites had a right to ride the buses together, the Kennedy Administration called for a "cooling-off period," a moratorium on Freedom Rides. | | | The Freedom Rides pushed the Justice Department into getting the Interstate Commerce Commission to issue regulations barring racial segregation in trains and terminals, effective November 1st, 1961. |
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http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm
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| | King Encyclopedia |
| | Although eventually successful in securing an Interstate Commerce Commission ban on segregation in all facilities under their jurisdiction, the Freedom Rides aggravated tensions between student activists and Martin Luther King, Jr. | | | During the spring of 1961, student activists launched the Freedom Rides to challenge segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals. | | | The Freedom Rides were first conceived in 1947 when the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) organized an interracial bus ride across state lines to test a Supreme Court decision that declared segregation on interstate buses unconstitutional. |
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/freedom_rides.htm
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| | freedom rider - definition of freedom rider in Encyclopedia |
| | The Freedom Rides were a series of student political protests performed in 1961 as part of the US civil rights movement. | | | Eventually, the publicity resulting from the rides and the violent reaction to them led to a stricter enforcement of the earlier Supreme Court decision. | | | There was one Freedom Ride prior to the famous ones; in 1947, Bayard Rustin and James Peck, CORE activists, organized a Freedom Ride through the South following a Supreme Court ruling desegregating the buses themselves (though not the bus terminals). |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/freedom_rider
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| | A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Freedom Riders PBS |
| | Despite the violence, the Freedom Rides continued throughout the summer of 1961, with hundreds of Freedom Riders being arrested. | | | Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) director James Farmer launched the freedom rides in the spring of 1961. | | | The Freedom Riders were a group of African American and white civil rights activists who attempted to force the integration of interstate buses and bus terminals in the South. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/freedom_riders.html
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| | Freedom Now! Mississippi Freedom Movement |
| | Economic Freedom: Children's Development Group of Mississippi: Activism in Mississippi began in direct protest (the Freedom Rides and lunch counter sit-ins) and Voter Registration drives but, by 1965, organizers also turned their attention to economic and social welfare issues. | | | Her lively correspondence with her "freedom friends" in the North gives a moving glimpse into the grassroots work on which the Freedom Movement was built. | | | Freedom's Martyr: Medgar Evers: Medgar Evers, one of the first martyrs of the Freedom Movement, was born near Decatur, Mississippi, on July 25, 1925, to James and Jessie Evers. |
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http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/FreedomNow/freemvnt.html
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| | The Freedom Rides |
| | Among the many protests that were held there was the freedom rides. | | | Blacks couldn't sit in the same places on buses, when they switched buses in waiting rooms they couldn't be in the same area, couldn't go to the same restroom, couldn't drink from the same water fountain, etc. Blacks went on "Freedom Rides" to stop this. | | | Since the attack took place on Mother's Day it was known as the "Mother's Day Massacre." Freedom Rides continued through the summer of 1961. |
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http://www.mccsc.edu/~browstu/kendra.html
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| | Reader's Companion to American History - -FREEDOM RIDES |
| | The initial Freedom Rides furthered desegregation in terminals throughout the South and demonstrated that civil rights victories in the Deep South were possible. | | | The Freedom Rides were organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (core) to test the effectiveness of a 1960 Supreme Court decision, Boynton v. | | | A Freedom Ride Coordinating Committee was created to organize more rides, and by the end of the summer about a thousand riders had participated. |
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http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_033400_freedomrides.htm
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| | YCLUSA Online - The Original Freedom Rides |
| | The Freedom Rides were first conceived in 1947 when the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) organized an interracial bus ride across state lines to test a Supreme Court decision that declared segregation on interstate buses unconstitutional. | | | The Immigrant Worker Freedom Ride is an important opportunity to learn from and honor civil rights movement history in the U.S. The 1961 Freedom Rides were incredibly courageous acts of resistance led by many women and men, who still to this day, are leaders in the struggle for civil rights and racial justice. | | | Riding from Washington, D.C. to Montgomery, Alabama, the rides met violent opposition in the Deep South, garnering extensive media attention and eventually forcing federal intervention from the Kennedy administration. |
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http://www.yclusa.org/article/articleview/1525/1/10
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| | James Farmer Memorial Page |
| | If the Freedom Rides stiffened opposition to desegregation in some quarters in the South, the courage of Farmer's CORE volunteers captured the imagination of blacks throughout the country, who decided to join the civil rights struggle. | | | It was CORE that forced the issue of desegregation in interstate transportation with the Freedom Rides of 1961. | | | Farmer was equally proud of the work he did in 1961, when he organized the Freedom Rides in the Deep South, a perilous effort in which any black and white supporters were attacked and injured by white segregationists. |
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http://www.interchange.org/jfarmer.html
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| | Stokely Carmichael: biography and encyclopedia article |
| | He participated in the Freedom Rides (Freedom Rides: the freedom rides were a series of student political protests performed in 1961 as part... | | | [follow hyperlink for more...]), he joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: the student nonviolent coordinating committee (or sncc, pronounced "snick") was one... | | | He died of cancer at the age of 57 in Conakry (Conakry: A port and the capital of Guinea), Guinea. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/reference/stokely_carmichael
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| | Didj "u" Know - Freedom Rides |
| | To do this he decided to duplicate the US Freedom rides, get a bus and travel rural NSW to protest against the segregation that was prevalent. | | | The Freedom Rides have also been credited with helping end the White Australia policy. | | | The Freedom Ride set off on the night of the 12 February 1965. |
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http://www.abc.net.au/messageclub/duknow/stories/s888118.htm
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| | St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture: Freedom Rides |
| | One of the most favored of these were the "Freedom Rides" that captured the country's attention and imagination in the early 1960s, and successfully influenced the cultural consciousness of the nation with regard to matters of racial prejudice. | | | The goal of the freedom rides was simply to end segregation in interstate travel. | | | Ironically, however, the brutality was instrumental in awakening the consciousness of Americans to the appalling plight of the freedom riders because the national media gave extensive coverage to the incident and disseminated the images of the badly beaten protesters. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100470
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| | Freedom_Ride_DB_Fankhauser |
| | With most of the Freedom Riders injured, and the danger of the violence escalating to someone being killed, it was suggested that the Freedom Rides should be discontinued. | | | After the black Freedom Riders refused orders to move to the back of the bus, the white gang came flying onto the bus and beat and stomped the riders, especially targeting white "nigger lovers." The white gang threw the bleeding and semi-conscious riders to the back of the bus, and it left for Birmingham. | | | When the Freedom Riders exited the bus, they beaten by the mob with baseball bats, iron pipes and bicycle chains, and then, battered and bleeding, they were arrested. |
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Society/freedom_rides/Freedom_Ride_DBF.htm
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