Frederick II of<

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Frederickb> William IIb> of Prussia Information - TextSheet.com

Frederickb> William was the son of Augustus William (the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia) and of Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, sister of the wife of Frederickb> the Great.
Frederickb> William IIb> (September 25, 1744 - November 16, 1797), king of Prussia, was known in German as Friedrich Wilhelm IIb>.
Such was the man whom Frederickb> William IIb>, immediately after his accession, called to his counsels.

http://www.medbuster.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/frederick_william_ii_of_prussia.html



MSN Encarta - Frederickb> IIb> (of Prussia)

Frederickb> acquired East Friesland (now a region of Germany) in 1744, on the death of the last ruler without heirs of that principality, and in 1745 he fought and won a second war with Austria, terminated by the Peace of Dresden, which assured Prussia the possession of Silesia.
Frederickb> made an alliance with Catherine IIb> of Russia, in 1764, and by the first partition of Poland in 1772 he received Polish Prussia, exclusive of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Toruń (Thorn), thus uniting the regions of Brandenburg and Pomerania.
Frederickb> was born in Berlin on January 24, 1712, son of King Frederickb> William I and grandson of Frederickb> I. As crown prince he was trained, under his father's supervision, to become a soldier and a thrifty administrator.

http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567792/Frederick_II_(of_Prussia).html



Gothic Paris Frederickb> IIb>, 1194-1250

Intellectual Life at the Court of Frederickb> IIb> of Hohenstaufen.
The Liber Augustalis; or, Constitutions of Melfi, Promulgated by the Emperor Frederickb> IIb> for the Kingdom of Sicily in 1231.
Frederickb> IIb> was born the day after Christmas, 1194, child of Constance, Empress and heiress of Sicily, and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, crowned King of Sicily the day before Frederickb>'s birth (Kantorowicz 3-4).

http://www.nku.edu/~rosemi/paris/ver1/bios/frederick_ii.html



Frederickb> IIb>: Kaiser of Prussia

Yet his father would not hear of Frederickb> IIb> leading anything but a military life, and he would often beat his son to get his mind back onto subjects of war.
Frederickb> the second, more often called Frederickb> the Great, brought Prussia from a state of general weakness to that of great power and wealth.
Kaiser Frederickb> IIb> was born in Berlin on January the 24th, 1712.

http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2frederick2.htm



Frederickb> IIb> (1215 - 1250)

Innocent III took the young Frederickb> as his ward and turned him over to be educated by some of the first-rate minds in the papal court.
The problem with Frederickb> was that he was heir to Two Sicilies and was a leading candidate of the powerful Hohenstaufen family to inherit his father's imperial dignity.
By 1230, Frederickb> had defeated Gregory and his allies and the struggle between Frederickb> and the papacy settled down to a war of words, each advanced complex legal arguments in support of their rights in the dispute.

http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/frederick_ii.html



Frederickb>, IIb> Biography / Biography of Frederickb>, IIb> Biography Biography

The eldest son of Frederickb> William I of Prussia and of Princess Sophie Dorothea of Hanover, Frederickb> IIb> was born in Berlin on Jan. 24, 1712.
Frederickb> IIb> (1712-1786), or Frederickb> the Great, was king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786.
Even as an adolescent Frederickb>, with the tacit support of his mother, rebelled against this mold.

http://www.bookrags.com/biography-frederick-ii



Frederickb> IIb> of Denmark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Frederickb> IIb> (July 1, 1534 - April 4, 1588), King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death.
On his passing in 1588, King Frederickb> IIb> was interred in Roskilde Cathedral.
After the war Frederickb> kept the peace without giving up his attempt of trying to expand his prestige as a naval ruler.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark_and_Norway



Frederickb> IIb>, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05

Frederickb> IIb> was one of the most arresting figures of the Middle Ages.
Under Frederickb>, however, no such union was effected; Henry governed, first under a regency, in Germany, and Frederickb> governed Italy and Sicily, which became the seat of his empire.
Frederickb> returned in 1229 and signed (1230) the Treaty of San Germano, by which he was temporarily reconciled with the pope.

http://www.bartleby.com/65/fr/Fred2HRE.html



FREDERICKb> THE GREAT

He was the eldest surviving son of Frederickb> William I, king of Prussia, and Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, daughter of George I of Britain.
Even more than his younger contemporaries, Catherine IIb> the Great of Russia and Joseph IIb> in the Habsburg territories, it was Frederickb> who, during the mid-18th century, established in the minds of educated Europeans a notion of what "enlightened despotism" should be.
Frederickb> IIb> the Great, third king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, ranks among the two or three dominant figures in the history of modern Germany.

http://www.realm-of-shade.com/zarathustra/frederick.html



CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederickb> IIb>

About this time Frederickb> married Elizabeth of England (at Worms), and in 1235 held a brilliant diet at Mainz, where he promulgated the famous Laws of the Empire, a landmark in the development of the empire and its constitutions.
The cause of Frederickb>'s concessions to the Church lay not in his religious convictions but in his political aims.
This desire to penetrate into the secrets of the universe, as well as his scandalous sensual indulgence, brought on Frederickb> the reputation of an atheist.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06255a.htm



NodeWorks - Encyclopedia: Frederickb> IIb>, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederickb>'s son Henry, sometimes styled Henry VII, especially during his period of rebellion in alliance with the Lombard League — not to be confused with Henry VII of the House of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor 1275-1313 — was born 1211 in Sicily, son of Frederickb>'s first wife Constance of Aragon.
Frederickb> IIb> (December 26, 1194–December 13, 1250), Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212, unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 until his death in 1250.
The crusade ended in a truce and in Frederickb>'s coronation as King of Jerusalem on March 18, 1229 — although this was technically improper, as Frederickb>'s wife Yolande, the heiress, had died in the meantime, leaving their infant son Conrad as rightful heir to the kingdom.

http://pedia.nodeworks.com/F/FR/FRE/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor



King Crimson and Frederickb> IIb>: The Metaphysical Record ~ The Crimson King

The popes themselves committed ten of nineteen descendants of Frederickb> IIb> to prison, one of his daughters for forty-eight years, and saw to the deaths of others in battle or capture.
When Frederickb> IIb>'s chief advisor, Taddeo da Suessy, was taken prisoner at Parma, his hands were immediately cut off by those loyal to the pope and he was thrown into a dungeon.
Frederickb> IIb> was excommunicated by the Council of Lyons, purportedly for the reign of massacre and terror that he had inflicted upon cities throughout Italy.

http://www.songsouponsea.com/Promenade/MetaphysicalC.html



The Invisible Basilica: Frederickb> of Hohenstaufen

It is sometimes said that Frederickb> the Great was the first to "shake the power of the Papacy," but this honor clearly belongs to Frederickb> IIb> of Hohenstaufen.
Van Cleve, Thomas Curtis; The Emperor Frederickb> IIb> of Hohenstaufen, Immutator Mundi, Oxford Clarendon, 1972
Frederickb> IIb>, although a Hohenstaufen like his grandfather, was born in Sicily and brought up under the influence of Norman, Byzantine and Muslim cultures.

http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/frederick.htm



Articles - Frederickb> IIb> of Prussia

Having no children of his own, Frederickb> was succeeded by his nephew as King Frederickb> William IIb> of Prussia.
The only way that Frederickb> atoned (and regained his title of crown prince) for this in his father's eyes was in his marriage to Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Bevern on June 12, 1733.
Frederickb> was the son of Frederickb> William I, the so-called "Soldier-King," who created a formidable army and efficient civil service.

http://www.gaple.com/articles/Frederick_II_of_Prussia



Reader's Companion to Military History - - Frederickb> IIb> (the Great)

Frederickb> IIb> of Prussia ranks simultaneously as one of history's greatest and most misunderstood captains.
In the second half of his reign, Frederickb> sought aggrandizement in the context of the great power relationships established after the Peace of Hubertusberg in 1763.
Frederickb> might have been a misanthrope, but his repeated condemnations of his army's rank and file were balanced again and again by public recognition such as restoring the swords of a previously disgraced regiment after its performance at Leignitz (1760).

http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_018600_frederickii.htm



Frederickb> IIb> the Great - Olga's Gallery

In 1733, Frederickb> IIb> dutifully married Princess Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1715-97), chosen for him by his father.
Frederickb> IIb>, the Great (1712-86), king of Prussia (1740-1786), remains one of the most famous German rulers of all time for his military successes and his domestic reforms that made Prussia one of the leading European nations.
Frederickb> was essentially a just, and somewhat austere man. He was an absolute ruler, but he did not rule by his own personal whims, always keeping Prussia's welfare in mind, and he expected his people to possess the same devotion.

http://www.abcgallery.com/list/2001nov16.html



FREDERICKb> IIb>. - LoveToKnow Article on FREDERICKb> IIb>.

Frederickb> Williams hatred of his son, openly avowed, displayed itself in violent outbursts and public insults, and so harsh was his treatment that Frederickb> frequently thought of running away and taking refuge at the English court.
Frederickb> was placed under arrest, deprived of his rank as crown prince, tried by court-martial, and imprisoned in the fortress of Custrin.
As he grew up he became extremely dissatisfied with the dull and monotonous life he was compelled to lead; and his discontent was heartily shared by his sister, Wilhelmina, a bright and intelligent young princess for whom Frederickb> had a warm affection.

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FR/FREDERICK_II_.htm



Encyclopedia: Frederickb> William IIb> of Prussia

Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851) was the son of Frederickb> William IIb> of Prussia and Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1803–1892), Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was the daughter of Frederickb> William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Frederickb> IIb> of Prussia (January 24, 1712–August 17, 1786) was a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740–86.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Frederick-William-II-of-Prussia (3380 words)



Frederickb> IIb>

Frederickb> IIb> Frederickb> IIb> Frederickb> IIb> is a very convenient example of the sort of doubter and rebel the 13th century could produce.
The emperor Frederickb> IIb>, with his epistles to his fellow-princes was its forerunner.
All sorts of men must have been impressed by the futility of the excommunications and interdicts that were levelled at Frederickb>.

http://latter-rain.com/eccle/fred2.htm (3380 words)



Emperor Frederickb> IIb> - Best of Sicily Magazine

The details of the international intrigue and conflicts that engulfed Western Europe and Frederickb> IIb> in the early decades of the thirteenth century may be left to biographers and scholars.
At his death in 1154, Roger IIb> was succeeded by his son, William I, whose policies often met with opposition from the entrenched Norman vassals.
For a time, Frederickb> adroitly avoided this papal imposition (he had difficulties enough with some of the Muslims in his own kingdom), but by 1227 he could no longer postpone this mission, arriving in Palestine in 1229.

http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art57.htm (3380 words)



Frederickb> IIb> Crusade

In short, Frederickb>'s objective was the conquest, not of the Moslembeld territories of Palestine, but rather of the Crusading states.
Instead of using his army against the Moslems, it was Frederickb>'s intention to negotiate with the Egyptian Sultan for a peaceful territorial settlement in the Holy Land.
Frederickb> proposed to use his army principally against the Latins in the East, to try to force them to acknowledge his position as regent and de facto ruler of the Latin states in the East.

http://www.ordotempli.org/frederick_ii_crusade.htm (3380 words)



Frederickb> IIb> -- Encyclopædia Britannica

His reign, like that of his grandfather Frederickb> I, was filled with conflict: wars for control of his Kingdom of Sicily; war against the Lombard League, a confederation of cities in northern Italy; the rebellion of his own son Henry VII and other German...
His father was King Frederickb> William I. His mother was Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, sister of George IIb> of England.
Frederickb> IIb> was born on Jan. 24, 1712, in Berlin.

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109417?tocId=9109417 (3380 words)



munger.ca: Frederickb> the Great Biography

Frederickb> the Great governed Prussia during 46 years, gave importance to the army, reformed the administration and made his country a major power.
His immediate successor was his nephew, Friedrich Wilhelm IIb>, and he ruled Prussia from 1786 to 1797.
Frederickb> the Great gives 50% of the state's revenues to the army (a unique feat at the time) and builds the foundation of a new military tradition in Prussia, which will only end with Adolf Hitler's collapse.

http://www.cyberboss.net/history/frederickthegreat.html (3380 words)



wais:GERMANY: Frederickb> IIb> of Sicily december 2004

Because of circumstances created by his father's premature death at age 32, Frederickb> was reared by his mother in her native Sicily.
In 1227 Pope Honorius III excommunicated Frederickb> for violating his vow to go on crusade.
RH: Was it deliberate irony on John's part that he headed this piece "Frederickb> the Great", a title normally reserved for a much later Frederickb> IIb> (1712-86)?

http://www.stanford.edu/group/wais/ztopics/week1208-31-04/germany_041231_frederick11sicily.htm (3380 words)



Altearth - Frederickb> IIb>

This is the story of how Frederickb> was crowned emperor at the age of seventeen, after having fought and bluffed his way all the way from Sicily to Aachen.
True, Frederickb> had been declared King of the Romans while he was still an infant, but this counted for little in the hard cold world, and in the meantime it appeared that the Colleges--and especially the College of Roma--were determined to make Frederickb> their pawn.
Frederickb> Hohenstaufen, the second emperor by that name, was called the "wonder of the world" (stupor mundi) by contemporaries.

http://www.idbsu.edu/people/sknox/altearth/frederick2/fred2.html (3380 words)



The Hutchinson Dictionary of World History: Frederickb> William IIb> (1744-1797)@ HighBeam Research

He was a nephew of Frederickb> IIb> but had little of his...
The Hutchinson Dictionary of World History: Frederickb> William IIb> (1744-1797)@ HighBeam Research

http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28757941&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (3380 words)



My Family

Frederickb> William III (King of Prussia) was born in 1770 in Potsdam, Germany.
Frederickb> IIb> of Hesse-Cassel (Landgrave) was born in 1720.
Frederickb> William of Schleswig (Duke) was born in 1785.

http://sneakers.pair.com/roots/b11.htm (1240 words)



Amazon.com: Books: Frederickb> IIb>: A Medieval Emperor

Frederickb> IIb> of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, has, since his death in 1250, enjoyed a reputation as one of the most remarkable monarchs in the history of Europe.
And his attention to Frederickb>'s register of documents from 1239-40--a collection hitherto neglected--has yielded new insights into the cultural life of the German court.
Particularly, it seemed like Frederickb> spent the majority of his life fighting rebels in Lombardy who were supported by the Pope.

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195080408?v=glance (1240 words)



Frederickb> William III of Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The son of King Frederickb> William IIb> of Prussia, Frederickb> William was born in Potsdam on August 3, 1770, and became Crown Prince in 1786, when his father ascended the throne.
Frederickb> William III, known in German as Friedrich Wilhelm III, reigned as king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840.
As a child, Frederickb> William's father (under the influence of his mistress,) had Frederickb> William handed over to tutors and he lived a solitary and repressed life which, tended to increase the innate weakness of his character.

http://www.hartselle.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia (674 words)



Frederickb> IIb>, king of Prussia

Frederickb> IIb>, king of Prussia: Early Life - Early Life Frederickb>'s coarse and tyrannical father despised the prince, who showed a taste for...
Frederickb> IIb> Frederickb> IIb> or Frederickb> the Great,1712–86, king of Prussia (1740–86), son and successor of
Frederickb> IIb>, king of Prussia: Internal Affairs - Internal Affairs Frederickb> continued his father's fundamental domestic policies.

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0819546.html (674 words)

Topic: Frederick II <b>of<

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