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Holy Roman Empire articles on Encyclopedia.com

Holy Roman Empire HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE [Holy Roman Empire] designation for the political entity that originated at the coronation as emperor (962) of the German king Otto Ib> and endured until the renunciation (1806) of the imperial title by Francisb> II.
Charles V CHARLES V [Charles V] 1500-1558, Holy Roman emperor (1519-58) and, as Charles Ib>, king of Spain (1516-56); son of Philip Ib> and Joanna of Castile, grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragón, Isabella of Castile, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian Ib>, and Mary of Burgundy.
Maximilian Ib> MAXIMILIAN Ib> [Maximilian Ib>] 1459-1519, Holy Roman emperor and German king (1493-1519), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/05990.html (491 words)



Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

His later crowning as Emperor Otto Ib> (later called "the Great") in 962 would mark an important step, since from then on the Empire – and not the West-Frankish kingdom that was the other remainder of the Frankish kingdoms – would have the blessing of the pope.
These rights were now explicitly rooted in Roman Law, a far-reaching constitutional act; north of the Alps, the system was also now connected to feudal law, a change most visible in the withdrawal of the feuds of Henry the Lion in 1180 which led to his public banning.
In 1312, he was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor since Frederick II.

http://www.bexley.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation (4836 words)



Istria on the Internet - History - Hapsburg Dynasty

From 1814 to 1846 this duchy was governed by Ferdinand’s son, Duke Francisb> IV, and from 1846 to 1859 by his grandson, Francisb> V. This family became extinct on the death of Francisb> V in 1875.
Before the abdication of the emperor Francisb> in 1806 Austria had met and suffered from the fury of revolutionary France, but the cessiona of territory made by her at the treaties of Campo Formio (1797), of Lunéville (1801) and of Pressburg (1805) were of no enduring importance.
Tinder the guardianship of his kinsman, the emperor Frederick III, the young prince’s reign was a troubled one, and when he died unmarried in 1457 his branch of the family became extinct, and Hungary and Bohemia passed away from the Habsburgs, who managed, however, to retain Austria.

http://www.istrianet.org/istria/genealogy/family/hapsburg (5686 words)



The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Holy Roman Empire @ HighBeam Research

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE [Holy Roman Empire] designation for the political entity that originated at the coronation as emperor (962) of the German king Otto Ib> and endured until the renunciation (1806) of the imperial title by Francisb> II.
In 1804, Holy Roman Emperor Francisb> II took the title Francisb> Ib>, emperor of Austria, and after the establishment (1806) of the Confederation of the Rhine under Napoleon Ib>, Francisb> renounced his title as Holy Roman Emperor.
Some countries (e.g., Hungary) were ruled by the emperor or imperial prince but were outside the empire, while others (e.g., Flanders, Pomerania, Schleswig, and Holstein) were part of the empire but were ruled by foreign princes who held their lands in fief from the emperor and took part in the imperial diet.

http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:HolyRoma&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (1839 words)



Encyclopedia: Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor

Austria played a major role in the final defeat of Franceâin recognition of this, Francisb>, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.
Emperor Ferdinand Ferdinand Ib> Karl Leopold Joseph Franz Marchlin Emperor of Austria King of Hungary and Bohemia (April 19, 1793 â€“ June 29, 1875) succeeded his father (Franz II Holy Roman Emperor/Franz Ib> of Austria) as Emperor and King in 1835 and was forced to abdicate in 1848.
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II Leopold II (born Peter Leopold Joseph) (Vienna, May 5, 1747 â&, March 1, 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Francis-II,-Holy-Roman-Emperor (2744 words)



Holy Roman Empire - Free Encyclopedia

These rights were now explicitly rooted in Roman Law, a far-reaching constitutional act; north of the Alps, the system was also now connected to feudal law, a change most visible in the withdrawal of the feuds of Henry the Lion in 1180 which lead to his public banning.
The time from 1246 (beginning with the election of Heinrich Raspe and William of Holland) from 1273, where Rudolph Ib> of Habsburg was elected king, is commonly referred to as the Interregnum.
The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges R?isches Reich) was a political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages.

http://www.wacklepedia.com/h/ho/holy_roman_empire.html (4267 words)



HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1

The Holy Roman Empire, ended by a decision of the last Emperor, Francisb> II, on 6 August 1806, had already long ceased to be a major political power even though the prestige of the Imperial title conferred immense status and influence.
The Holy Roman, or German Empire as it should better be described, could justly claim to be the successor of the Western Roman Empire despite its later foundation.
The surest means of establishing dynastic rule was for the Emperor to insure that his immediate heir was the inevitable choice of the “Electors” by having him nominated King of the Romans in his own lifetime.

http://www.almanachdegotha.com/newpage9.htm (356 words)



Habsburg at AllExperts

* Albert V (Albrecht V), duke of Austria 1404 - 1439, Holy Roman Emperor from 1438 - 1439 as Albert II.
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian Ib>, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III).

http://experts.about.com/e/h/ha/Habsburg.htm (2633 words)



The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions

Francisb> Ib> (1768-1835) was the first Emperor of Austria and (under the name Francisb> II) the last of the Holy Roman Emperors.
During his father's brief reign in the Hapsburg lands (as Leopold II, 1790-92), Francisb> was actively involved in the administration of the state.
In 1813, when the inevitability of Napoleon's fall became obvious, Francisb> broke with his son-in-law and that enabled him to take part in the final military operations against France.

http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/12/b2003/hm12_3_2_5_1_0.html (360 words)



Queen Louise

In early 1792 the revolutionary leaders adopted a belligerent attitude toward Frederick II and Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor, the successor to Leopold II.
Born March 10, 1776, the daughter of Prince Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Princess Frederica Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Augusta Wilhelmina Louise was destined to become Queen of Prussia.
On March 13, 1793 Louise and her sister, Frederica, were introduced to King Frederick William II, who was looking for wives for his two sons.

http://members.aol.com/rsprussia/page2.html (1686 words)



Francisb> Ib>, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Francisb> Ib> (December 8, 1708– August 18, 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany.
He succeeded his father as Duke of Lorraine in 1729, but the emperor, at the end of the War of the Polish Succession, desiring to compensate his candidate Stanislaus Leszczynski for the loss of his crown in 1735, persuaded Francisb> to exchange Lorraine for the grand duchy of Tuscany.
On February 12, 1736, Francisb> and Maria Theresa were married, and they went for a short time to Florence, when he succeeded to the grand duchy on the death of John Gaston, the last of the ruling house of Medici.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (471 words)



boys clothing: European royalty Austria

The Holy Roman Empire was disbanded in 1806 to ensure that Napoleon couldn't ascend the throne.
Charles Francisb> Joseph, Charles Ib> or Karl Ib> (Charles IV of Hungary) (1887-1922), was another of Francisb> Joseph's nephews (figure 1).
Leopold became Emperor on the death of his older brother Joseph II (1790).

http://histclo.com/royal/ost/royal-aus.htm (3556 words)



EMPIRE - LoveToKnow Article on EMPIRE

The officers of the imperial praetorium, or bodyguard, are now the great officers of state; his private council becomes the public consistory, or supreme court of appeal; and the comites of his court are the administrators of his empire.
Each of the higher magistrates of the Roman people was vested, by a lex curiata (for power was distinctly conceived as resident in, and delegated by, the community), with an imperium both civil and military, which varied in degree, with the magnitude of his office.
The Romans had sworn to Otto Ib>. that they would never elect or ordain a pope without his consent; and the rights over papal elections conceived to belong to the office of patricius, which they generally held, enabled the emperors, upon occasion, to nominate the pope of their choice.

http://95.1911encyclopedia.org/E/EM/EMPIRE.htm (11493 words)



boys clothing: European royalty Austria

Even before his death, Francisb> Joseph had planned to confer the rights of co-regent on Charles.
The Holy Roman Empire was disbanded in 1806 to ensure that Napoleon couldn't ascend the throne.
Francisb> Joseph's nephew Francisb> Ferdinand was made heir to the throne after the untimely death of Archduke Rudolf.

http://www.histclo.hispeed.com/royal/ost/royal-aus.htm (3330 words)



Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, Francisb>, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.
Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor (German: Franz II, Heiliger Roemischer Kaiser) also referred to as Francisb> von Habsburg or Emperor Franz Ib> of Austria (February 12, 1768– March 2, 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was disbanded.
Francisb> essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of France.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (652 words)



Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold, during his government in Tuscany, had shown a speculative tendency to grant his subjects a constitution.
When Louis XVI swore to observe the constitution of September 1791, the emperor professed to think that a settlement had been reached in France.
For five years, he exercised little more than nominal authority, under the supervision of counsellors appointed by his mother.

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/reference/leopold_ii_holy_roman_emperor1 (1660 words)



The Holy Roman Empire

The emperors were unable to restrain the German nobles or to resist French encroachments on the western frontiers of the empire, and the Slavic rulers in the east rejected all imperial overlordship.
The Holy Roman Empire was the medieval state that embraced most of central Europe and Italy under the rule of the German kings from 962 to 1806.
The churchmen who crowned the emperors, and thus actually sustained the Empire, considered it to be the church's secular arm, sharing responsibility for the welfare and spread of the Christian faith and duty-bound to protect the Papacy.

http://www.serendipity.li/twz/hre.html (1519 words)



The Empire

Ironically, the last dynasty (Vaudemont) had been transplanted from Lorraine into Tuscany, and the last Emperor of all (Francisb> II) was a serious, capable, and studious fellow with a very Roman sense of gravitas, who was born in and spent his youth amidst the sunny hills of central Italy.
This covers the various phases of the Roman Empire: the original, the Western, the Eastern (Byzantine), and the Holy Roman Empire.
Even so, his nominated successor, his brother Ferdinand, acted as a kind of deputy Emperor, standing in for such ceremonies and functions as necessary during the period 1556-1558.

http://www.hostkingdom.net/empire.html (1774 words)



Holy Roman Empire

The Empire was formally dissolved on August 6, 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francisb> II (from 1804, Emperor Francisb> Ib> of Austria) resigned.
These rights were now explicitly rooted in Roman Law, a far-reaching constitutional act; north of the Alps, the system was also now connected to feudal law, a change most visible in the withdrawal of the feuds of Henry the Lion in 1180 which lead to his public banning.
The time from 1246 (beginning with the election of Heinrich Raspe and William of Holland) to 1273, when Rudolph Ib> of Habsburg was elected king, is commonly referred to as the Interregnum.

http://www.1-free-software.com/en/wikipedia/h/ho/holy_roman_empire.html (4349 words)



http://www.flssar.org

After Napoleon defeated the forces of Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1797, Lafayette and his wife and daughters were released from prison.
After Adrienne and her daughters were freed she took them to Austria in October 1795, where she threw herself at the feet of Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor, and pleaded for the release of her husband.
The emperor accused Lafayette as a Republican and against monarchies, thereby committing Lafayette to life in prison.

http://www.flssar.org/lafayett.html (4224 words)



http://www.flssar.org

After Napoleon defeated the forces of Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1797, Lafayette and his wife and daughters were released from prison.
After Adrienne and her daughters were freed she took them to Austria in October 1795, where she threw herself at the feet of Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor, and pleaded for the release of her husband.
The emperor accused Lafayette as a Republican and against monarchies, thereby committing Lafayette to life in prison.

http://www.flssar.org/lafayett.html (4267 words)



Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Information

Although Maximilian's grandson and successor, Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorCharles V, was crowned in Bologna by the Pope, he was the last, and thereafter the position of Holy Roman Emperor was a wholly German post until the Empire's dissolution in August 6, 1806.
The Holy Roman Empire, such as it was, consisted of the Kingdoms of Kingdom of GermanyGermany, Kingdom of ItalyItaly, and Kingdom of BurgundyBurgundy.
Brazil declared independence from Portugal in 1822, and made Pedro Ib> of BrazilDom Pedro, eldest son of the then-King of Portugal, who was acting as Regent, Emperor as Pedro Ib>. The empire came to an end with the overthrow of Emperor Pedro II of BrazilPedro II in 1889.

http://www.echostatic.com/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.html (2641 words)



Francisb> Ib>, Holy Roman emperor

Founder of the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine, Francisb> was succeeded as Holy Roman emperor by his eldest son, Joseph II, and as grand duke of Tuscany by his younger son, Leopold (later Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II).
Francisb> Ib>, 1708–65, Holy Roman emperor (1745–65), duke of Lorraine (1729–37) as Francisb> Stephen, grand duke of Tuscany (1737–65), husband of Archduchess
The election (Sept., 1745) of Francisb> to succeed

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0819427.html (334 words)



Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, Francisb>, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.
Francisb> II Francisb> II, Holy Roman Emperor, who is also referred to as Francisb> von Habsburg or Emperor Franz Ib> of Austria (February 12, 1768 – March 2, 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was disbanded.
Francisb> essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of France.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (594 words)



Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Joseph II (March 13, 1741 – February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790.
As the son of Francisb> Ib>, Joseph succeeded him as titular Duke of Lorraine and Bar, which had been surrendered to France on his father's marriage, and titular King of Jerusalem and Duke of Calabria (as a proxy for the Kingdom of Naples).
Joseph, by threatening to resign his place as co-regent, could induce his mother to abate her dislike for religious toleration.

http://www.leessummit.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1672 words)



AllRefer.com - Francisb> II, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia

Francisb> was a chief architect of the Holy Alliance.
Francisb> II 1768–1835, last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806), first emperor of Austria as Francisb> Ib> (1804–35), king of Bohemia and of Hungary (1792–1835).
Francisb>'s armies were eventually defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte; by the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) Francisb> ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France but obtained Venetia and Dalmatia.

http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/F/Francis2HRE.html (413 words)



the Holy Roman Empire

This was accepted by Francisb> Ib> after his election and by the electors, and later confirmed in 1752 by the Reichstag.
The advisers of Francisb> II made the argument that it was not enough to abdicate: Napoleon could have used an interregnum to wreak further damage or even have himself installed as emperor, and it was in the members' best interests to deprive Napoleon of such tools.
He also ruled the empire in case the emperor was incapacitated (as did Joseph Ib> in the last days of his father's reign), but stayed out of the government of the empire otherwise, according to the oath he took upon election.

http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm (11303 words)



THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

The Holy Roman Empire, ended by a decision of the last Emperor, Francisb> II, on 6 August 1806, had already long ceased to be a major political power, even though the prestige of the Imperial title conferred immense status and influence.
Francisb> surrendered Lorraine (an Imperial fief) to France as the temporary sovereign Duchy of the French King's father-in-law, the former King of Poland, from whom it passed to France on his death in 1766.
The Holy Roman, or German Empire as it is sometimes described (despite northern Italy being also considered part of the Imperial domain) could nonetheless claim to be the territorial successor of the Western Roman Empire, despite its later foundation.

http://www.chivalricorders.org/nobility/holyroman (2298 words)



Holy Roman Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05

In 1804, Holy Roman Emperor Francisb> II took the title Francisb> Ib>, emperor of Austria, and after the establishment (1806) of the Confederation of the Rhine under Napoleon Ib>, Francisb> renounced his title as Holy Roman Emperor.
Joseph II, successor of Francisb> Ib>, adhered to the principles of the Enlightenment; he attempted to rationalize the administration of the imperial government but failed in the face of resistance by the particularist princes, especially Frederick II of Prussia.
Subsequent struggles between the popes Alexander III, Gregory IX, and Innocent IV and the emperors Frederick Ib> and Frederick II concerned papal sovereignty in Italy.

http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/HolyRoma.html (1820 words)



Roman Empire and Christianity

The Roman gods were guarded from insult by the Roman law, because their favor was considered essential to the safety of the State.
Still, the lawyers in Germany clung to obstinately to the old forms of the Roman law; and when a vacancy occurred the elections were held, and the Roman emperor duly installed in the Römer Saal at Frankfort.
The religion of the Romans had its origin in the worship by each family of its own household and tutelary divinities, in whom the souls of their ancestors were supposed to be enshrined.

http://www.dabar.org/Religion/RED/R-Words/Redromanempire.htm (3794 words)

Topic: Francis I/, <b>Holy<

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