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Topic: Economy of the Soviet Union

Ads by Google      Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 In the technological race between the Soviet Union and the West (principally the United States), the USSR exploded (1953) a hydrogen bomb; announced (1957) the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles; orbited (1957) the first artificial earth satellite (called Sputnik); and in 1961 sent Yuri Gagarin in the first manned orbital flight. The NEP ushered in a period of relative stability and prosperity, and in 1922 the treaty of union formally joined Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijan republics). He was replaced as first secretary of the CPSU by Leonid I. Brezhnev (who in 1960 had become chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet) and as premier by Alexei N. Kosygin. http://www.bartleby.com/65/un/UnionSov.html   (5286 words)      Soviet Union (Former) : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress Soviet of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities Military Policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sutoc.html   (5286 words)      Profits from Power: The Soviet Economy as a Mercantilist State Furthermore, the conventional wisdom among students of the modem Soviet economy is that comprehensive central planning - the point at issue in the socialist calculation debate - is not practiced in the Soviet Union (and, by implication, in the numerous nations which have adopted the "Soviet model" in whole or in part). This article has argued that the Soviet-style economic system is in actuality not a "socialist" economy at all, but a highly restricted market in which state intervention is almost completely unrestrained by force of law, constitution, or concern for electoral support. In the Soviet Union, positions of significant regulatory authority and control of legal monopolies ostensibly are assigned by the Communist Party on the basis of loyalty and merit. http://www.libertyhaven.com/countriesandregions/exurss/profitssoviet.html   (5286 words)      History of post-Soviet Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ) Boris Yeltsin had been elected President of Russia in June 1991, prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in the first direct presidential election in Russia. In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its gross economic output to the defense sector (at the time most Western analysts believed that this figure was 15 percent). Although the new Russian Federation was widely accepted as the Soviet Union's successor state in diplomatic affairs, post-Soviet Russia lacked the military and political power of the former USSR. http://www.encyclopedia-online.info/History_of_post-Soviet_Russia   (5286 words)      Soviet Union (former) Glossary - Flags, Maps, Economy, Glossary, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System Once the Soviet regime stipulated the plan figures, all levels of the economy, from individual enterprises to the national level, were obligated to meet those goals. The penal system of the Soviet Union, consisting of a network of harsh labor camps where criminals and political prisoners were forced to serve sentences. Dominated by Bolshevik delegates the Second Congress of Soviets approved the Bolshevik coup d'état and the decrees on peace and loud issued by Lenin. http://www.photius.com/countries/soviet_union_former/glossary   (5286 words)      History of the Soviet Union (1953-1985) - By 1982 the stagnation of the Soviet economy was obvious, as evidenced by the fact that the Soviet Union had been importing grain from the U.S. throughout the 1970s, but the system was not yet ready for drastic change. The Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, retaliating for the United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. With this in mind, some Soviet and Russia specialists have argued that the Kosygin Reforms of 1965 - not Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s - were the last chance to spare the leadership of the Soviet administrative command economy and to spare the population of the hardships that would surface in the late 1970s. http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Destalinization   (3367 words)      Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography Nichol, James P. "Political Selection and Life History Types in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union." (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, March 1982.) Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1982. "Soviet Repression of the Ukrainian Catholic Church." (Paper prepared by Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Special Report No. 159.) Washington: GPO, January 1987. Soviet Economy in the 1980's: Problems and Prospects. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/soviet_union/su_bibl.html   (3367 words)      Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Encyclopedia.com In the technological race between the Soviet Union and the West (principally the United States), the USSR exploded (1953) a hydrogen bomb; announced (1957) the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles; orbited (1957) the first artificial earth satellite (called Sputnik); and in 1961 sent Yuri Gagarin in the first manned orbital flight. The NEP ushered in a period of relative stability and prosperity, and in 1922 the treaty of union formally joined Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (divided in 1936 into the Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijan republics). He was replaced as first secretary of the CPSU by Leonid I. Brezhnev (who in 1960 had become chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet) and as premier by Alexei N. Kosygin. http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/U/UnionS1ov.asp   (5333 words)      Notre Dame Department of Political Science- FACULTY From her other research agenda concerning diplomacy, a recent paper with co-author Alastair Smith, “Honest Threats: The Interaction of Reputation and Political Institutions in International Crises,” was published in the Journal of Conflict Resolution. She has previously taught at Harvard and Tufts Universities and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has served on the editorial boards of such political science journals as the American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, and Political Research Quarterly and others. http://www.nd.edu/~governme/faculty/faculty.html   (5333 words)      History of the Soviet Union (1953-1985) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia By 1982 the stagnation of the Soviet economy was obvious, as evidenced by the fact that the Soviet Union had been importing grain from the U.S. throughout the 1970s, but the system was not yet ready for drastic change. The Soviet Union boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, retaliating for the United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. After Stalin had died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Georgi Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destalinization   (3368 words)      THE POLITBURO OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION (BOLSHEVIKS) AND SOVIETIZATION OF THE TERRITORIES ANNEXED IN 1939–1941 On 14 August, the highest party body approved the framework decision of the CPSU’s Central Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR on the organisation of public administration and development of economy of Soviet Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, i.e. On 22 August, the highest body of the party approved the candidates to the posts of the chairman and deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the post of the chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Besides, the parliaments had to be renamed into the Supreme Soviets and elect the Presidiums of the Supreme Soviets, their chairmen and deputy chairmen. http://www.genocid.lt/GRTD/Konferencijos/eng/natalija.htm   (6842 words)      Ronald Reagan And The Fall Of The Soviet Union: Plot Or Serendipity saw cracks in the armor of the Soviet Union -- particularly in their economy. now being written"8 President Reagan personally believed that the Soviet Union was illegitimate but, in the end, it only served to accelerate the disintegration of the USSR. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1995/BMH.htm   (6842 words)      Studies In Intelligence Vol. 01 No. 1, 1997 In fact, we find it hard to believe that anyone who has read the CIA's annual public reports on the state of the Soviet economy since 1975 could possibly interpret them as saying that the Soviet economy was booming. These products portrayed a Soviet leadership caught in a descending spiral: declining productivity was depressing the economy, which aggravated the cynicism and alienation of the populace; this in turn further reduced productivity. The story that the CIA presented over the decade and a half before the political breakup of the Soviet Union can be broken into three analytic phases. http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/97unclass/soviet.html   (6842 words)      The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 - Presentation Speech We fully realise that the Soviet Union is undergoing a dramatic period of transformation within its own borders: dictatorship is to be replaced by greater democracy, centralisation by the right of each republic for self-determination, a command economy by a freer market. Lech Walesa in 1983 - were received with cool hostility in the Soviet Union and in Poland at the time, involving the rejection, in these countries, of all that the Norwegian Nobel Committee stood for. Today, this Soviet society is a historical experiment which is being shaken to its foundations, and this is so not least because Mikhail Gorbachev was also capable of breaking the mould of the society from which he sprang. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1990/presentation-speech.html   (1997 words)      NCSJ - Russia page RussiaÂ’s early hopes of retying its former Soviet allies to Moscow through the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) were mostly dashed in the 1990s, as the successor states asserted more independent or Western-oriented foreign policies. However, in August 1972, the Soviet government instituted a new “diploma tax” for emigrants, prompting the U.S. Congress to pass the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Bill of 1974, which prohibited the extension of most-favored nation (MFN) status to non-market countries that restrict emigration. The western territories that formally came under the Soviet Union in 1945 (western Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic states, Moldova, Bukovina, Transcarpathia) were subject to rigorous nationalization and collectivization. http://www.ncsj.org/Russia.shtml   (1997 words)      The coup that failed: 10 years ago a plot to save the Soviet Union led to its dissolution [Free Republic] The president of the Soviet Union, their president, was destroying the one-party state, its central economy, its totalitarian institutions of social control. The reaction to the hardline coup of August 18-22 in the streets of Moscow, where thousands of politicians and everyday people protested in the face of overwhelming military force, proved the Soviet Union and everything it stood for were, in a sense, already dead. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, though, the Crimea became part of Ukraine, now an independent country. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3b7810510eb7.htm   (1997 words)      SSSRconst The Russian Soviet Republic is organized on the basis of a free union of free nations, as a The All-Russian Congress of Soviets is composed of representatives of urban soviets congresses of soviets (one delegate for 125,000 inhabitants). http://www.stud.ntnu.no/~ronnykj/politics/SSSRconst.htm   (1997 words)      186166.txt This inaugural monograph, a "white paper" on crime and justice issues in Ukraine following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, is a product of the U.S.-Ukraine Research Partnership that has been conducted by the NIJ International Center since 1998. Well before the collapse of the Soviet Union, therefore, Ukraine enjoyed most of the prerogatives of an independent state without losing its membership in or access to the resources of a reorganized U.S.S.R.[4] Genuine independence was achieved suddenly, in the wake of the August 1991 putsch. This section begins with a history of the shadow economy and privatization during the late Soviet years and in post-Soviet Ukraine, and then moves to an analysis of organized crime and patterns of corruption in independent Ukraine. http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/nij/186166.txt   (1997 words)      Back from D.C., Rice offers inside look at U.S.-Soviet relations The Soviet Union, on the other hand, "is a country that has no banking system, has no monetary system and really doesn't have an idea of how to get from square one to square two in terms of the reform in the economy. "U.S. policy has to be to deal with the president of the Soviet Union on his own terms because after all, there are things that you can only do with the president of the Soviet Union. It is also important that the United States not try to choose the Soviet Union's leaders, she said. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/relaged/910506Arc1394.html   (1494 words)      Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Glossary Dominated by Bolshevik delegates the Second Congress of Soviets approved the Bolshevik coup d'état and the decrees on peace and loud issued by Lenin. The news agency that had a monopoly on collecting and distributing news within the Soviet Union. A term coined by Joseph V. Stalin to indicate that the Soviet Union was surrounded by capitalist states pursuing political, military, and economic policies aimed at weakening and destroying the Soviet regime. http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/soviet_union/su_glos.html   (9333 words)      The Soviet Union Disintegrates In the Soviet Union it was the central government that was doing the investing, not only in the military but also in social programs, including spending money to keep bread available and at a low price, while money to modernize manufacturing was often lacking. In the Soviet Union, public mistrust of nuclear plants dashed hopes of nuclear energy as an inexpensive source of power, and plans were laid instead for building new natural gas pipelines. The Soviet Union's most outspoken dissident, Andrei Sakharov (the father of the Soviet Union's hydrogen bomb) was allowed to return to Moscow from exile in the city of Gorky -- where he had been exiled for speaking out against Soviet troops being sent to Afghanistan. http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch33.htm   (9333 words)      Gorbachev, Mikhail --  Encyclopædia Britannica His efforts to democratize his country's political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Soviet official, the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1985 to 1991 and president of the Soviet Union in 1990–91. Young, educated, and urban members of the Communist elite came gradually to recognize the need for radical change if the Soviet Union was to survive, much less hold its own with the capitalist world. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=38155&tocid=0   (9333 words)      BIGpedia - Post-Soviet states - Encyclopedia and Dictionary Online Post-Soviet states are subject to various developments in geography, history, politics, economy, and culture in the post-Soviet era, the time after the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the period following Communist Party rule. In 1994, inflation reached 400% in Ukraine, and 1258% in Kazakhstan, but was comparitively lower in the Baltic states (reaching only 45.1% in Lithuania.) 1995 was the absolute nadir of the economic plague in the Former Soviet Republics. While the peoples of the former Soviet Republics were anxious to accept the freedoms of capitalism, it quickly became apparent that weening from five year plans was easier said than done. http://www.bigpedia.com/encyclopedia/Post-Soviet_states   (9333 words)      Glossary of People: Ma His policy both at home and abroad was one of liberal capitalism, combining re-armament with a rapprochement with the Soviet Union. The book includes a consideration of the Soviet economy as exemplifying the “transition to socialism,” marred though it is by Stalinist distortions. At the time of the October Revolution he held a left position in the Menshevik ranks, remaining in the Second Congress of the Soviets after the Right SRs and Mensheviks had departed. http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm   (9333 words)      The Cold War Museum - Fall of The Soviet Union He did not want to crack down too severely on the participants in these movements, yet at the same time, it became increasingly evident that allowing them to run their course would spell disaster for the Soviet Union, which would completely collapse if all of the periphery republics were to demand independence. Indeed, the breakup of the Soviet Union transformed the entire world political situation, leading to a complete reformulation of political, economic and military alliances all over the globe. In fact, the answer is a very complex one, and can only be arrived at with an understanding of the peculiar composition and history of the Soviet Union. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.php3   (9333 words)      Migration Information Source - Migration Dilemmas Haunt Post-Soviet Russia When the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Russia became an independent state, established a liberal democracy, and started the transition towards a market economy, little thought was given to the impact of these policies on migration and other demographic trends. It was during the 1920s and 1930s that most of what are now the 15 newly independent successor states to the Soviet Union were established. From that year until the Soviet Union broke up, Russia was a net receiver of migrants from what would become the other former Soviet Union (FSU) states. http://www.migrationinformation.com/Profiles/display.cfm?id=62   (9333 words)      Talk:Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Soviet Union was the first country to base its economy on communist principles, where the state owned all the means of production and farming was collectivized. This article tells you little if anything about the Soviet economy, Soviet society, the Cold War, the origns of the Cold War, the breakup of the Soviet Union, the casuses of the breakup, Perestroika, Glasnost, the Brezhnev Era, the Sino-Soviet Split, Communist ideology. Apart from a year or two at the end of its life the Soviet Union was a harshly repressive state. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Soviet_Union   (9333 words)      Socialism Betrayed: Behind the Collapse of the Soviet Union Written by two left-wingers sympathetic to Soviet socialism (though they acknowledge its problems), this readable, concise account of the years 1985-1991 breaks new ground with an analysis of the Soviet "second" (private economy), and its corrupting impact on the CPSU and its ideology. The collaborative effort of authors Roger Keeran and Thomas Kenny, Socialism Betrayed: Behind The Collapse Of The Soviet Union 1917-1991 reveals the true story of what led to the overthrow of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Considering that, from its inception, the entire beleaguered history of the USSR was either misinterpreted or disinterpreted by that socialist nation's dedicated transnational class enemies with a vested interest in defeating any real challenge to their economic hegemony, it is not surprising that the destruction of the Soviet Union would be likewise depicted. http://thegreatlands.com/store/071780738X.php   (9333 words)      Analysis - Soviet Union - A-D "[T]hroughout the 1980s the intelligence community warned of the weakening Soviet economy, and, later, of the impending fall of Gorbachev and the breakup of the Soviet Union. "[T]he documentary record portrays an intelligence community that fully understood that the Soviet Union was in trouble." One of the mistakes that the CIA did make was to pursue "false precision" in seeking an exact rate of growth for a non-market economy. Of all intelligence agencies, the CIA had the most pessimistic view of Gorbachev's ability to fix the Soviet economy and retain power." Two years before Gorbachev's fall, the Bush administration had reacted to the reporting by establishing a "'contingency planning group'... http://intellit.muskingum.edu/analysis_folder/analysissova-d.html   (9333 words)      10/29/02 - My Time with Soviet Economics These estimates were given to Congress even though two months earlier Mikhail Gorbachev had told the Central Committee of the Communist Party that, except for vodka sales and the higher prices paid for Soviet oil, the Soviet economy had not grown for twenty years (“Communiqué” 1988, 1; see also Bergson 1988 and Franklin 1988). In 1962, G. Warren Nutter tried to bring some reality into the estimation of Soviet economic performance with his book The Growth of Industrial Production in the Soviet Union, published by Princeton University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research. The Soviet Union wasted its resources because the success indicator for Soviet managers allowed them to be successful even though their output was poorly related to the needs of users. http://www.vdare.com/roberts/soviet_economy.htm   (1708 words)

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