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Commonwealthb> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Commonwealthb>" is also used in the U.S. to describe the political relationship between the United States and the overseas unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico and of the Northern Marianas.
The commonwealthb> introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance (see Warsaw Confederation), had its own parliament Sejm (although elections were restricted to the gentry or szlachta) and elected kings, who were bound to certain contracts Pacta conventa from the beginning of the reign.
The Commonwealthb> of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England (after the English Civil War) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son and successor Richard from 1649 to 1660.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth (942 words)



Commonwealthb> of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Commonwealthb> of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealthb>, is an association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire.
Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe has used the term frequently to allege that the Commonwealthb>'s attempts to catalyse political changes in his country is motivated by racism and colonialist attitudes and that the White Commonwealthb> dominates the Commonwealthb> of Nations as a whole.
The Commonwealthb> has often been likened to an English gentlemen's club, and the issue of who is and who is not a member often seems to be more important, and certainly attracts much more attention, than what the organisation actually does.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations (3708 words)



Constitution of the Commonwealthb> of Puerto Rico

The government of the Commonwealthb> of Puerto Rico shall be republican in form and its legislative, judicial and executive branches as established by this Constitution shall be equally subordinate to the sovereignty of the people of Puerto Rico.
All public officials and employees of the Commonwealthb>, its agencies, instrumentalities and political subdivisions, before entering upon their respective duties, shall take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution and laws of the Commonwealthb> of Puerto Rico.
All criminal actions in the courts of the Commonwealthb> shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of "The People of Puerto Rico" until otherwise provided by law.

http://welcome.topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml (6369 words)



BBC NEWS World Europe Country profiles Profile: The Commonwealthb>

He is elected by heads of government from among Commonwealthb> diplomats and foreign ministers for a maximum of two four-year terms.
The secretary-general acts as the chief executive of the Commonwealthb>.
Commonwealthb> Games 2002, held in Manchester, UK Unlike the United Nations, Commonwealthb> members have no contractual obligations, but members commit themselves to the statements of beliefs set out by heads of government.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm (696 words)



VA Secretary of the Commonwealthb>: FAQs

The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Justices of the Supreme Court, all judges, and all employees of the Commonwealthb> of Virginia who have been designated by the Secretary of the Commonwealthb> are required to file a Statement of Economic Interests form.
Included in the Report are the Commonwealthb>'s executive, legislative, and judicial officials, gubernatorial appointees to boards and commissions, local government officials, Virginia's Congressional Delegation, and general information on the Commonwealthb>.
This section of the application must be completed by a Judge, Clerk or Deputy Clerk of a Virginia Court, a Commonwealthb>'s Attorney or any of his assistants, the Attorney General or any of his assistants or a member of the General Assembly.

http://www.commonwealth.virginia.gov/FAQs/FAQs.cfm (3722 words)



CIS: State Symbols

The State Seal, adopted by Governor John Hancock and the Council on December 13, 1780 and made official by the General Court on June 4, 1885, is circular and bears a representation of the arms of the Commonwealthb> encircled with the words, "Sigillum Reipublicae Massachusettensis" (Seal of the Republic of Massachusetts).
In the era leading to 1780, when the state Constitution was ratified, a popular term for a whole body of people constituting a nation or state was the word "Commonwealthb>." This term was the preferred usage of some political writers.
Although the Commonwealthb> is not overly blessed with mineral resources, it is one of the few locations in the world where this usually jet black material with a brilliant submetallic luster is found.

http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm (2395 words)



Kentucky as a Commonwealthb> - Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives

In modern times, to be a "commonwealthb>" of the United States means to be "a self-governing, autonomous political unit voluntarily associated with the United States, namely, Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands." (Dictionary.com) A few of the differences between contemporary commonwealthb> status and statehood are:
The commonwealthb> has no voting representation in Congress and citizens of a commonwealthb> are not allowed to vote in presidential elections.
The basis for a commonwealthb>'s success required each citizen to be an active participant in government, practitioners of civic virtue and socially responsible.

http://www.kdla.ky.gov/resources/KYCommonwealth.htm (503 words)



History of the Commonwealthb>

First, leaders adopted the Singapore Declaration of Commonwealthb> Principles which gave the association a formal code of ethics, and committed members to improving human rights and seeking racial and economic justice.
For the Commonwealthb>, apart from the successful birth of Zimbabwe and the continuing struggle against apartheid in South Africa, the 1980s was the decade of Expert Group reports.
The Commonwealthb>'s principled opposition to all forms of racism, and especially apartheid, led to the withdrawal of South Africa in 1961.

http://www.chogm99.org/what/history1.htm (1351 words)



The Mavens' Word of the Day

When the first Constitution of Virginia was adopted, [the delegates] used commonwealthb> as the name for the new government.
I grew up in the Commonwealthb> of Virginia.
There are many definitions, one being a group of states or nations forming an association to benefit one another--as in the British Commonwealthb>.

http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20011011 (423 words)



Commonwealthb> Party Main

SECESSION: In the interests of preserving a union that fulfills the principles of the Constitution, the Commonwealthb> Party will support states and territories should they secede in order to preserve those Constitutional rights and freedoms.
The Commonwealthb> Party though entertains the secession of any or all of the current 50 states should it come to a head-- that is all of America should secede from 'itself' and reconfigure into the Commonwealthb>.
The Commonwealthb> Party is a party that favors limited government, regional/local autonomy and opposes government oppressions such as: over taxation, prohibition drug policy, overregulation in business, government waste and mismanagement, the policies of the welfare state and the over use of government.

http://home.att.net/~CommonwealthParty/main.htm (3653 words)



Commonwealthb> Press Union - Press Freedom & Human Rights

Working closely with the Press Complaints Commission in the UK, we actively encourage the establishment of self-regulatory bodies as opposed to government press councils for the Commonwealthb> Press.
The CPU works in close harmony with other Commonwealthb> and international organisations, in the pursuit of freedom of expression and protection of human rights for the press throughout the Commonwealthb>.
The CPU continues to work closely with the Commonwealthb> Election Monitoring Group at the Secretariat to encourage a better working relationship between monitors, the press and the government.

http://www.cpu.org.uk/prfree.html (718 words)



Kentucky Tourism - Kentucky Facts

Kentucky is one of four states to call itself a "commonwealthb>." In 1792 when Kentucky became the 15th state- the first on the western frontier - both "commonwealthb>" and "state" were used.
Kentucky, once part of Virginia, chose to remain a commonwealthb> when it separated from Virginia.
Commonwealthb>, meaning government based on the common consent of the people, dates to the time of Oliver Cromwell's England in the mid-1600s.

http://travel.ky.gov/facts_symbols.aspx (391 words)



CBC News Indepth: The Commonwealthb>

The Commonwealthb> had suspended the African country after President Robert Mugabe was accused of rigging his re-election.
The summits, known as CHOGMS (Commonwealthb> Heads of Government Meetings), are held every two years.
The Commonwealthb> is a collection of 54 countries drawn largely from the former British Empire.

http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/commonwealth (770 words)



The Commonwealthb>

The Lusaka Declaration of the Commonwealthb> on Racism and Racial Prejudice, 7 August 1979
Commonwealthb> Strategy in Support of a Negotiated Settlement in South Africa: Statement Adopted by the Commonwealthb> Committee of Foreign Ministers on Southern Africa, September 14, 1991
Ibrahim A. Gambari, Chairman of the UN Special Committee against Apartheid, 1990-1994, at the Commonwealthb> Heads of Mission Meeting, Harare, Zimbabwe, 29 July 1993

http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/commonwealth (116 words)



Commonwealthb> Realm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Commonwealthb> Realm is any one of the 16 sovereign states of the Commonwealthb> of Nations that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their Queen and head of state.
With time, some Commonwealthb> Realms moved to become republics, passing constitutional amendments removing the monarch as their head of state, and replacing the Governor-General with an elected or appointed president.
In some former Commonwealthb> Realms, including Malta, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius, the new office of President was a ceremonial post, but in others, such as Ghana, Malawi and Gambia, the Presidency was an executive post, usually first held by the last Prime Minister.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Realm (3830 words)



Commonwealthb> Court Postings

Comwlth of PA - 302 & 303 F.R. Opinion by: McGinley, J. Posted by: Commonwealthb> Court Reporter
Comwlth of PA - 290 F.R. Opinion by: Simpson, J. Posted by: Commonwealthb> Court Reporter
Please contact the Commonwealthb> Court filing office for further information.

http://www.courts.state.pa.us/OpPosting/index/CWealthOpindex.asp (537 words)



The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealthb> > Origins

Member countries of the Commonwealthb> can therefore have different constitutions: a republic with a president as Head of State (India, South Africa); an indigenous monarchy (Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, Tonga); a sultanate (Brunei); an elected Paramount Chieftaincy (Western Samoa); or a realm recognising The Queen as Sovereign (for example, Canada, Australia, Barbados).
Until 1949, the member states of the Commonwealthb> were united through common allegiance to the Crown.
This was accepted in the London Declaration agreed at the Commonwealthb> Heads of Government Meeting in 1949, provided that India accepted The King (George VI) 'as the symbol of the free association of the independent Member Nations and as such Head of the Commonwealthb>'.

http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page341.asp (379 words)



Commonwealthb> of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Commonwealthb> of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealthb>, is an association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire.
Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe has used the term frequently to allege that the Commonwealthb>'s attempts to catalyse political changes in his country is motivated by racism and colonialist attitudes and that the White Commonwealthb> dominates the Commonwealthb> of Nations as a whole.
While some fifteen nations of the Commonwealthb>, known as Commonwealthb> Realms, recognize the same person who is the British Monarch as their separate head of state, the majority do not.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth (3705 words)



Commonwealthb> of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Commonwealthb> of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealthb>, is an association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire.
Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe has used the term frequently to allege that the Commonwealthb>'s attempts to catalyse political changes in his country is motivated by racism and colonialist attitudes and that the White Commonwealthb> dominates the Commonwealthb> of Nations as a whole.
As the Commonwealthb> grew, the United Kingdom and the pre-1945 Dominions (a term that was formally dropped in the 1940s) became informally known as the "Old Commonwealthb>", particularly in the 1960s onwards when some of them differed with poorer, Afro-Asian (or New Commonwealthb>) members over various issues at Commonwealthb> Heads of Government meetings.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations (3779 words)



The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealthb> > Commonwealthb> realms

The Royal Titles Act of 1953 had to reflect the fact that the Commonwealthb> realms were full and equal members with the United Kingdom.
Respect for the particular circumstances of The Queen's Commonwealthb> realms was secured by providing that legislation on the Royal Title was to be enacted separately by each of The Queen's Commonwealthb> realms, that is, each Commonwealthb> country which retained a monarchical constitution recognising The Queen as Sovereign.
In 1949, to facilitate the desire of India and Pakistan to become republics, George VI was recognised as 'Head of the Commonwealthb>', while remaining the personal sovereign of those countries within the Commonwealthb> association who wished to retain a monarchical system of government.

http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page345.asp (1536 words)



Commonwealthb> of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Commonwealthb> of Nations, usually known as The Commonwealthb>, is an association of independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire.
Queen Elizabeth II is the nominal Head of the Commonwealthb>.
It was once known as the British Commonwealthb> of Nations or British Commonwealthb>, and some still call it by that name, either for historical reasons or to distinguish it from the other commonwealths around the world, such as the Commonwealthb> of Australia and the Commonwealthb> of The Bahamas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations (1536 words)



Commonwealthb> of Nations - definition of Commonwealthb> of Nations in Encyclopedia

Queen Elizabeth II is the nominal Head of the Commonwealthb>.
Reaction to immigration from the new Commonwealthb> countries into Britain in the 1950s and early 1960s led to the restriction of the right of migration.
All members recognise Queen Elizabeth II as Head of the Commonwealthb>, a role perhaps best likened to that of a ceremonial president, but this is not a hereditary position: there is no assumption that the next British monarch will necessarily inherit this title.

http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Commonwealth_of_Nations (2414 words)



The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture - Sample Entry - Commonwealthb> College

Commonwealthb> College was a controversial radical labor school, founded on the Socialist principles of Eugene V. Debbs, which operated in Mena (Polk County) from 1925 until 1940.
The split was completed by the end of the year, and Commonwealthb> had lost its reason for existance and all of its moderate leftist support.
Commonwealthb> accepted this ultimatum, but the school's selection of radical Presbyterian minister Claude Williams as Director minimized the changes.

http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/sample_entry5.php (1490 words)



Ben's Guide: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

There is no difference between a commonwealthb> and a state in the U.S. To Locke, Hobbes, and other 17th-century writers the term "commonwealthb>" meant an organized political community -- what we today call a "state." Officially Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, and Massachusetts are all commonwealths.
Today, commonwealthb> also means a political unit having local autonomy but voluntarily united with the U.S. These are Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands.
When Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, and Massachusetts became part of the United States, they merely took the old form of state in their title.

http://bensguide.gpo.gov/support/faqs.html (162 words)



Althusius: Politica: XVIII

Ephors are the representatives of the commonwealthb> or universal association to whom, by the consent of the people associated in a political body, the supreme responsibility has been entrusted for employing its power and right in constituting the supreme magistrate and in assisting him with aid and counsel in the activities of the associated body.
The third is that in time of interregnum, or of an incapacitated administration of the commonwealthb>, the ephors become a trustee for the supreme magistrate and undertake the administration of the commonwealthb> until another supreme magistrate is elected.
These public ministers of the realm are elected by the united and associated bodies or members of the realm for the purpose of properly and honestly attending to, administering, governing, and conserving the body and rights of this universal association.

http://www.constitution.org/alth/alth_18.htm (10156 words)



Commonwealthb> of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The role of Head of the Commonwealthb> is best likened to that of a ceremonial president -for-life.
Reaction to immigration from the new Commonwealthb> countries into Britain in the 1950s and early 1960s led to the restriction of the right of migration.
Commonwealthb> countries accorded each others' goods privileged access to their markets ("Commonwealthb> Preference"), and there was a free or preferred right of migration from one Commonwealthb> country to another.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth (10156 words)



Personal union -

As a Commonwealthb> Realm from 1931-1961 (adoption of Statute of Westminister to republic).
As a Commonwealthb> Realm from 1922-1936/1949, when it became a republic (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949.
Where they do exist, most notably between the Commonwealthb> Realms, they are now mostly ceremonial, as the Governor-General, in theory the representative of the Head of State, has only marginal political power, and is nominated by and has to take the advice of the local Head of Government.

http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Personal_union (2192 words)



MSN Encarta - Search View - English Commonwealthb> and Protectorate

English Commonwealthb> and Protectorate, republican governments of England introduced after the English Civil War during the Interregnum (1649-1660).
The Commonwealthb> (1649-1653) was founded on the execution of Charles I in 1649, and was followed by the two Protectorates of Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658), and his son Richard Cromwell (1658-1659).
The Commonwealthb> was briefly revived (1659-1660), before the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II in May 1660.

http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_781532227__1/English_Commonwealth_and_Protectorate.html (2988 words)



Commonwealthb> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term "commonwealthb>" is also used for the political relationship between the United States and the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico and of the Northern Marianas (see: commonwealthb> (U.S. insular area)).
The commonwealthb> introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance (see Warsaw_Confederation), had its own parliament Sejm (although elections were restricted to the gentry or szlachta) and elected kings, who were bound to certain contracts Pacta conventa from the beginning of the reign.
Kentucky, at this time, was but a county of Virginia, but chose to retain the Commonwealthb> descriptor when it became a separate state.

http://www.voyager.in/Commonwealth (1227 words)



Althusius: Politica: IX

The members of a realm, or of this universal symbiotic association, are not, I say, individual men, families, or collegia, as in a private or a particular public association.
Polybius says that the desirable and stable condition of a commonwealthb> is one in which holy and blameless life is lived in private, and justice and clemency flourish in public.
But the Venetian commonwealthb>, because it remains of medium size and vigorously resists wilful corruptions by the severity of its laws, has endured for the longest time, as one was also able to say of the city of Sparta.

http://www.constitution.org/alth/alth_09.htm (4736 words)

Topic: Commonwealth <b>of<

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