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| | SLEE History Period 3: 1917 to the Present |
 | | this website provides a brief but thoughtful biography of the founder of the Soviet state, who ruled the USSR from 1917 to his death in 1924. | | | this website provides a brief but thoughtful biography of the last Soviet leader, the father of Glasnost and Perestroika who ruled the USSR from 1985 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. | | | The USSR's difficulty in defeating Finland probably accounts for the continued independence of Finland after World War Two, despite the fact that the Finns sided with the Germans against the Soviet Union. |
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http://www.coe.ohio-state.edu/mmerryfield/global_resources/modules/SLEEHistory3.htm
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| | Transparent Advice |
| | Its historical accomplishments are undeniable — from the storming of the Winter Palace to storming the cosmos, from overcoming hunger and illiteracy to industrialization and collectivization, from the elimination of exploitation to the decisions of the XXXVII Party Congress for peace and socialism. | | | Background: For most of its existence, the GDR's motto was: "To learn from the Soviet Union is to learn victory." Then came the reforms in the USSR, reforms that many GDR citizens wished to see come to their country as well. | | | Together with the other states of the Warsaw Pact, we conduct a coordinated foreign policy which has its supreme goal maintaining peace and the survival of humanity. |
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http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/herlt.htm
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| | Ussr |
| | USSR aircraft carrier Minsk USSR aircraft carrier Minsk served the 1994. | | | Organization of the Communist Party of the USSR Stalin. | | | USSR military aircraft designation systems Imperial Russia (before 1917) does not seem to have had a system. |
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http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/topics/ussr.html
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust |
| | This book is a first-hand account of the forced collectivization of a Ukrainian village in the 1930s in the USSR. | | | An eyewitness account of the forced collectivization of Russian agriculture in 1929-1931 and the ensuing famine in the Ukraine, brought about by Stalin's command. | | | This began with the collectivization of the farms. |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393304167
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| | Article 10 * Perestroika: A Marxist Critique [Sam Marcy] |
| | It cannot be stated too categorically that the collectivization of agriculture in the USSR was a highly progressive development. | | | It is necessary to show clearly and unequivocally what was wrong with the Stalin method of collectivization, but at the same time not to confuse the issue so as to support bourgeois decollectivization of agriculture and dismemberment of socialist industry under the guise of decentralization. | | | Few subjects are as confused and lend themselves to as much political tendentiousness in the present era of the Soviet reforms as the collectivization. |
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http://www.workers.org/marcy/perestroika/10.html
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| | USSR - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia |
| | A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on March 17, 1991, with the population voting for preservation of the Union in most republics. | | | Collectivization met widespread resistance from peasants, resulting in a bitter struggle against the authorities in many areas, famine, and estimated millions of casualties. | | | Crises in the agricultural sector reaped catastrophic consequences in the 1930s, when collectivization met widespread resistance from the kulaks, resulting in a bitter struggle of many peasants against the authorities, famine, particularly in Ukraine, but also in the Volga River area and Kazakhstan. |
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http://www.timesharetalk.co.uk/wiki.asp?k=USSR
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| | PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 1997-98 |
| | His contention can be debated, but he handles all three areas perceptively: Collectivization massively alienated the countryside (the major source of military manpower), industrialization created modern technologies for a society not yet able to exploit them fully, and military expansion on the scale undertaken proved dysfunctional. | | | He argues that inordinate expansion, partly predicated on an inaccurate estimate of Wehrmacht strength deployable against the USSR (double the actual figure), led to insuperable problems in the troop units, where officer procurement and retention, training, and standards represented weaknesses. | | | In the war's darkest hours, when the very existence of the USSR hung in the balance, they arrested two million personnel as spies--enough to fill 250 divisions; the mind boggles at the self-destructive nature of their activity. |
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http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/97winter/win-essa.htm
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| | Part 3: Anti-Communist Ukrainian Nationalists Joined Nazis |
| | A secret clause in that pact stated that the USSR would occupy the part of Poland that had been part of Russia until 1918 (Galicia and Volhynia). | | | In the Eastern (Soviet) Ukraine, however, the Ukrainian nationalists, who had first tried to win peasant support by promising to abolish the collective farms, had to abandon that line as "the only way to avoid alienating much of the East Ukrainian youth." 9 A decade after collectivization,the youth in the Ukraine were overwhelmingly pro-Soviet. | | | These predominantly Ukrainian areas which belonged to Poland or Rumanian before 1939-40 are called the "Western Ukraine." They had all been under Soviet control for less than two years at the time of the Nazi invasion of the USSR which began on June 22, 1941. |
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http://www.plp.org/cd_sup/ukfam3.html
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| | Chinese Famine of 1958-1961 |
| | Although the result of instituting Lysenko's pseudoscience and Stalin's collectivization techniques caused a famine that killed millions in the USSR, Mao and other Chinese Communists were enamored of Stalin and insisted on replicating the Soviet experience in China (apparently against the advice of the Kruschev and other Soviet officials). | | | Not satisfied, Mao ordered farmers to put into practice several Lysenko-ist practices, which combined with the collectivization, decimated Chinese agriculture (3). | | | When Minister of Defense Marshal Peng Dehuai wrote a private letter to Mao summarizing the disaster he was purged as a "rightist" by Mao. |
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http://www.overpopulation.com/faq/health/hunger/famine/chinese_famine.html
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| | Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Formerly the dominant republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia is an independent country, and an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, since the union's dissolution in December 1991. | | | The brutal rule of Joseph Stalin forced rapid industrialization of the largely rural country and collectivization of its agriculture at the cost of tens of millions of lives. | | | At the close of this Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolshevik wing of the Communist Party under Vladimir Lenin seized power and formed the USSR. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
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| | Tears in the Iron Curtain |
| | Kruschev agreed to limit communism, no forced collectivization, Poland remains and ally to the USSR | | | Polish workers protested against working conditions, people wanted the USSR out of their business. | | | By 1956, Kruschev had secured his position as Stalin& successor. |
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http://www3.telus.net/EKaminski/tearsin.htm
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| | WHKMLA : History of the USSR : 5 Year Plans |
| | Stalin introduced a new economical approach in form of the FIVE YEAR PLANS, which were based on a state-planned massive expansion of the nation's industrial capacities, as well as on forced collectivization of arable land. | | | He was dissatisfied with the results of the NEW ECONOMIC POLICY, especially with the slow pace of voluntary COLLECTIVIZATION, and the slow pace of industrialization. | | | The industrial part of the plan was successful beyond expectation; the goals of the first Five Year Plan (1929-1932) were reached before the end of the period and a second plan was immediately launched (1934-1938). |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/fiveyearplans.html
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| | Shcherbytsky says famine was a result of collectivization of Soviet agriculture (01/10/88) |
| | KIEV - Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, stated on December 25 that famine in the 1930s was a consequence of the collectivization of Soviet agriculture. | | | He cited "crude violations of the law, unfounded accusations against many party, soviet and agricultural workers, and cultural and scholarly activists of political mistakes and nationalistic deviations (that) were allowed in our republic as well (as throughout the USSR)." | | | Previously, General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev had criticized Stalin's collectivization policies, but had not mentioned the famine. |
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http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1988/028801.shtml
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| | MSN Encarta - Boris Yeltsin |
| | In March 1990 Yeltsin ran in Sverdlovsk for a seat in the Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the largest of the USSR’s 15 republics. | | | His grandparents and parents were prosperous peasants who lost their land and livestock during Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin’s collectivization of Soviet agriculture in the early 1930s, when peasants’ small farms were forcibly absorbed into large state-run farms. | | | He was a central figure in the transition away from Communism in the former USSR and dominated Russia’s politics in its early years as an independent state. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761562873
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| | Ukraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | To satisfy the state's need for increased food supplies, the Soviet industrialization program called for the collectivization of agriculture, which had a profound effect on Ukraine, the nation's breadbasket (see Collectivization in the USSR). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine
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| | NCSJ - Russia page |
| | The western territories that formally came under the Soviet Union in 1945 (western Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic states, Moldova, Bukovina, Transcarpathia) were subject to rigorous nationalization and collectivization. | | | The last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-91), charted a new political course with initiated reforms aimed at modernizing the USSR, including economic restructuring (perestroika) and a loosening of restrictions on political, social and cultural activity (glasnost). | | | After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the consequent deterioration in Soviet-U.S. relations, Jewish emigration from the USSR dropped significantly, reaching a low of 896 in 1984. |
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http://www.ncsj.org/Russia.shtml
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| | Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust - Eric Margolis |
| | Almost unknown is the genocide of two million of the USSR's Muslim peoples: Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, Tajiks, Bashkirs and Kazaks. | | | Molotov and Lazar Kaganovitch and NKVD secret police chief Genrikh Yagoda to crush the resistance of Ukrainian farmers to forced collectivization. | | | For Jews and Armenians, the genocides their people suffered are vivid, living memories that influence their daily lives. |
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http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html
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| | Nikolai Bukharin's Demotion and Removal From the Party |
| | When Stalin did this he tried to make Bukharin out to be an enemy of Lenin and collectivization, out to restore capitalism to Russia and destroy the USSR, one of these ways was to do so by allying himself with the hated kulaks. | | | Iosif Stalin (aka Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 until 1953. | | | At the same time this happened Stalin dumped Bukharin from the Politburo and early in 1930 he also dumped him from the Comintern and fired him from his job as the editor in chief of Pravda. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/vamp2/nikolaibukharin/demotion.html
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| | Estonia - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about Estonia |
| | Collectivization of agriculture and nationalization of industry began in the late 1940s, and the Estonian economy was steadily integrated with that of the USSR despite strong resistance. | | | In 1993 Estonia signed a free-trade agreement with its fellow Baltic states Baltic states, the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. | | | Laar lost a vote of confidence in 1995 and was replaced by Tiit Vähi, who headed two centrist coalition governments and survived a vote of confidence early in 1997, but resigned shortly thereafter. |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Estonia
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| | Russia |
| | The brutal rule of Joseph Stalin forced rapid industrialization of the largely rural country and collectivization of its agriculture at the cost of tens of millions of lives. | | | At the close of this Russian Revolution, the Bolshevik wing of the Communist Party under Vladimir Lenin seized power and formed the USSR. | | | Currently (April 2005) the legislation to change this is being passed. |
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http://russia.ask.dyndns.dk
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| | Romania - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Romania |
| | Romania subsequently joined the war against Germany and in the Paris peace treaties in 1947 recovered Transylvania but lost Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to the USSR (they were included in Moldavia and the Ukraine) and southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. | | | Soviet-style constitutions were adopted in 1948 and 1952; Romania joined Comecon in 1949 and co-signed the Warsaw Pact in 1955; and a programme of nationalization and agricultural collectivization was launched. | | | The principalities of Wallachia in the south, and Moldavia in the east, dating from the 14th century, fell to the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries. |
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http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Romania
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| | Siberian - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about Siberian |
| | Siberian agriculture, which suffered during the Stalinist collectivization campaign, was revived in the mid-1950s by Premier Khrushchev's "virgin lands" program, focusing on cultivation in the steppes of SW Siberia and N Kazakhstan. | | | Siberian grain was essential in enabling the Soviet Union to resist the German wartime onslaught despite the loss of valuable agricultural areas in W USSR. | | | An autonomous Siberian government formed in early 1918 was soon superseded by the regime of the counterrevolutionary Admiral A. Kolchak Kolchak, Aleksandr Vasilyevich (əlyĭksän`dər vəsē`lyəvĭch kəlchäk`), 1874–1920, Russian admiral, leader of the anti-Bolshevik forces in W Siberia during the civil war (1918–20). |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Siberian
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| | International Socialist Review |
| | Michael Reiman, The Birth of Stalinism: The USSR on the Eve of the “Second Revolution,&; George Saunders, trans. | | | This method of accumulation for competition with “the countries of capitalism” was achieved through the enormous exploitation of the working class, as well as the peasantry, which was subjected to forced collectivization of farming. | | | Yet, under Stalin, the state owned the means of production, but the workers did not own the state. |
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http://www.isreview.org/issues/10/TheFallOfStalinism.shtml
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| | "Conquest Book Lies About 1932-33 Ukraine Famine" |
| | The only evidence Conquest gives for his assertion that the Soviets blockaded all shipments of food to the Ukraine from outside the USSR is also taken from such émigré compilations. | | | Fertility would certainly have been low during the great disruptions of the collectivization movement; the famine; industrialization, when working hours were long and living standards low, and millions of peasants were flocking to the cities to man the new factories. | | | According to the film, "in less than two years, 10 million people die -- seven million of them in the Ukraine -- three million of them children." 2 According to Conquest, "the number dying in Stalin's war against the peasants was higher than the total deaths for all countries in World War I" (p. |
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http://www.plp.org/cd_sup/ukfam2.html
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| | Almanac «Strana Socializma» ("Land of Socialism") 1941, December dates |
| | 1927: Opening of the 15th congress of the CPSU, on collectivization. | | | 1938: Resolution of the SovNarKom of the USSR, Central Committee of the CPSU and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions On measures for regulating work discipline, for the improvement in the practice of government social insurance and the struggle with misuse in this matter. | | | 1936: Approval of the Stalin Constitution by the Extraordinary 8th All-Union Congress of Soviets. |
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http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/kalendar41/k-12-e.html
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| | Soviet Period - History - Uzbekistan - Asia |
| | Although the basmachi were largely put down by 1923, they reappeared in some areas of Uzbekistan during the collectivization of agriculture at the end of the 1920s. | | | The same year the Uzbek SSR became one of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which had been created in 1922. | | | Bolshevik rule was opposed by a Central Asian guerrilla movement known as the basmachi starting in 1918. |
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http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/uzbekistan/history/soviet_period.htm
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| | Black Famine in Ukraine 1932-33: A Struggle for Existence |
| | Victor Kravchenko was a Soviet official who escaped from the USSR Embassy in the United States in 1944. | | | Any history of the Soviet Union will mention the triumph of "Collectivization" in which the Kulaks, or well-off farmers, were "liquidated as a class." Collectivized farming, which is today the most inefficient agricultural system in existence, had to be instituted for Marxist reasons. | | | UKRAINE, "the breadbasket of Europe" is a land famous for its fertile black earth and its golden wheat. |
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http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/gregorovich
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| | The View From 1776 |
| | It is not going very far out on a limb to say that, barring a sharp reversal of secularity and its religious doctrine of socialism, the European Union is doomed to ever greater collectivization of power in Brussels, as the EU planners struggle to deal with the economic cancer besetting its largest members. | | | Hitler’s National Socialism and the USSR’s brand of socialism both manifested the inherent need of socialistic planned economies to expand via conquest in order to control markets and raw materials supplies. | | | As we saw with Germany in the 1930s, political societies suffering long-term economic woes become vulnerable to the inherent bias of socialism toward militarism and totalitarianism. |
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http://www.thomasbrewton.com/index.php/will_the_nazis_make_a_comeback
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| | Estonia: History |
| | Collectivization of agriculture and nationalization of industry began in the late 1940s, and the Estonian economy was steadily integrated with that of the USSR despite strong resistance. | | | The lot of the Estonian peasants, who had been reduced to virtual serfdom under German landowners, improved somewhat under Swedish rule; but Peter I of Russia conquered Livonia in 1710, and Russian possession was confirmed by the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. | | | Estonian irregulars fought Soviet troops in June, 1941, as part of the German invasion, and their support of the Nazis continued through 1944. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0858036.html
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| | The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia |
| | Numerous Germans fell victim to the collectivization of agriculture and Stalin's "purging." However, from 1941 to 1945 many of them were resettled in the German Reich by the German army and, after the war ended, were deported to Siberia and Central Asia by Russian occupational forces. | | | Photographs relating to the Black Sea Germans in North Dakota are compliments of the Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, North Dakota State University Libraries, Fargo. | | | and employees in the administration for the district of the city of Odessa, I.W. Tschewakowa, |
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http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/grhc/outreach/exhibit/catalog.html
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