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| | Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is the authoritative treaty on the international law of treaties, establishing the procedures by which treaties are adopted, interpreted, and invalidated. | | | Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979) that the President has the power to unilaterally abrogate a treaty without the consent of Congress or the Senate. | | | Treaties can be called by many names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and the rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called. |
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http://www.bucyrus.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Treaty
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| | Anglo-Irish Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Anglo-Irish Treaty was a treaty between the British government and representatives of the (extra-judicial) Irish Republic which concluded the Anglo-Irish War. | | | The Treaty's provisions relating to the monarch, governor-general and the treaty's own superiority in law were all deleted from the Constitution of the Irish Free State in 1932, following enactment of the Statute of Westminster by the British Parliament. | | | The Treaty would have superior status in Irish law: in the event of a conflict between it and the new 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State, it would take precedence. |
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http://www.hartselle.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Anglo-Irish_Treaty
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| | Anglo-Irish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The war ended in a Truce on the 11th of July 1921, which led to the negotiation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) and the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. | | | To purist Irish Republicans, the Anglo-Irish war had begun with the Proclamation of the Irish Republic during the Easter Rising of 1916. | | | The Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) was a guerilla campaign mounted against the British government in Ireland by the Irish Republican Army. |
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http://www.sterlingheights.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Anglo-Irish_War
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| | Constitution of the Irish Free State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Constitution was shaped by the requirements of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed between representatives of the British Government and the Irish Republic in December 1922. | | | The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the constitution of the southern Irish state established in December 1922. | | | It was enacted with the adoption of the Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann) Act, 1922, to which it was appended as a schedule, and was also known simply as the 1922 Constitution. |
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http://www.marylandheights.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State
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| | Republic of Ireland - FreeEncyclopedia |
| | In December 1921, the British Government and Irish Republican plenipotentiaries[?] negotiated a peace treaty, known as the Anglo-Irish Treaty. | | | The constitution was called the Irish Free State Constitution. | | | The Representative of the Crown was known as the Governor-General of the Irish Free State. |
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http://openproxy.ath.cx/re/Republic_of_Ireland.html
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| | Irish Parliamentary Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The 1916 Easter Rising and the British reaction to it, and the clumsy attempt at conscription radicalised Irish politics to such an extent that the IPP lost almost all of their seats in the 1918 general election to the more militant Sinn Féin, and was dissolved. | | | In particular the Local Government Act abolished the old landlord-dominated Grand Juries and replaced them by forty-nine county, urban and rural district councils, managed by Irish people for the administration of local affairs. | | | The greatest achievement of the IPP was the introduction to Irish society of parliamentary tradition and all that went with it -- a fully up and running local government administration with its diverse institutions, which had rooted itself more deeply than anyone could have imagined into the life of the country. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party
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| | Ireland - becoming a free state |
| | The new constitution, which abolished the Irish Free State and established Éire as a 'Sovereign independent democratic state,' was approved by the voters in a plebiscite conducted simultaneously with the election. | | | With the question of the treaty the chief issue, an election for a provisional Dáil was held in June 1922. | | | The official government of the Irish Free State was instituted at once, with Cosgrave assuming office as president of the executive council. |
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http://www.iol.ie/~dluby/history.htm
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| | angloirishtreaty.html |
| | But the terms of the treaty had been accepted by the Irish signatories only because Lloyd George had threatened war on Ireland if they were rejected. | | | The Treaty was signed on behalf of Great Britain by Lloyd George and leading members of his cabinet and on behalf of Ireland by Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins, and other members of the Republican cabinet. | | | De Valera and the Republicans immediately repudiated the treaty, and, after its passage in the Dáil, de Valera resigned the presidency. |
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http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/irish/angloirishtreaty.html
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| | Articles - Irish Civil War |
| | The Anglo-Irish Treaty arose from the Anglo-Irish War (or "Irish War of Independence"), fought between Irish separatists (organised as the extra-legal Irish Republic) and the British government, from 1919-1921. | | | The treaty also stipulated that members of the new Irish Oireachtas (parliament) would have to take an "Oath of Allegiance" to the Free State constitution and an oath of fidelity to the British king. | | | Under the treaty the state was not to be called a republic but a "free state" and it was only to include twenty-six southern and western counties of Ireland. |
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http://www.gaple.com/articles/Irish_Civil_War
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| | Irish Republic - Encyclopedia of Political Information |
| | In December 1921, negotiators from the Irish Republic's government, led by Griffith and Collins and the British Government team under Prime Minister David Lloyd George and including Winston Churchill, signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty, replacing the Irish Republic with a new dominion called the Irish Free State. | | | Initially the Irish Republic had no head of state, not least because Sinn Féin was still badly split between monarchists (led by Arthur Griffith) and republicans under de Valera. | | | According to international law, and even most Irish historians, the real government in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 continued to be the British Dublin Castle regime under the Chief Secretary of Ireland (the British cabinet minister who effectively headed the Dublin Castle administration) and the nominal head, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the King's representative. |
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http://www.politicalinformation.net/encyclopedia/Irish_Republic.htm
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| | Travel and Historic Sites -- West Cork Ambush Sites -- The Wild Geese Today |
| | After Eamon de Valera's refusal to accept the Anglo-Irish Treaty, even though ratified by a majority in the Dáil, civil war loomed, and became inevitable after the Army Convention of March 26, 1922, when the bulk of the IRA in attendance affirmed their opposition to the treaty. | | | Collins -- military tactician, economist, statesman, co-founder of the Irish State, and son of a farmer -- was born at Woodfield, near Clonakilty, County Cork, in October 1890. | | | The resulting treaty with Britain secured independence for 26 counties of Ireland, but also led to a tragic civil war in which Collins himself was killed in August 1922, at Béal na mBláth, County Cork, less than 20 miles from his birthplace. |
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http://www.thewildgeese.com/pages/westcork.html
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| | Anglo-Irish - definition of Anglo-Irish in Encyclopedia |
| | A number of Anglo-Irish Peers have been appointed by Presidents of Ireland to serve on their advisory Council of State. | | | The term Anglo-Irish is applied to Irish aristocrats of British or partially British descent, or indeed to all members of the Peerage of Ireland since the flight of the Earls. | | | Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh - head of the Guinness Family, who sat in the Irish Senate (1973-1977) |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Anglo-Irish
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| | The Anglo-Irish Treaty |
| | Although the terms of the draft Treaty were supposed to be presented to the Irish Cabinet before it was signed, there was little time for this. | | | Adamant Irish Republicans would never agree to the terms and, in fact, it led to the 'Troubles' of Northern Ireland. | | | A truce was declared and Treaty negotiations for an independent Ireland began. |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/british_social_history/66331
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| | Triskelle - Irish History - War of Independence |
| | Because the division of Ireland was not retracted in this treaty it causes discord in Sinn Féin and in the Irish Republican Army (IRA). | | | The division of Ireland in north and south was, and still is, unacceptable for both Sinn Féin as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). | | | The Irish Republic was proclaimed and the Dáil Éireann was in fact the Government and Eamonn de Valera the President. |
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http://www.vincentpeters.nl/triskelle/history/warofindependence.php?index=060.150
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| | The Irish Civil War, 1922-1923 by Paul V. Walsh - A NYMAS Fulltext Resource |
| | Under pressure from his own party, Lloyd George presented the Irish delegates with an ultimatum; sign the Treaty as it existed or face the renewal of 'immediate and terrible war'. | | | In this paper the opponents of the Treaty are referred to as 'Republicans', while the supporters of the Treaty are referred to as 'Free State Forces' or 'Government Forces' (even though the Free State was not officially established until 6 December, 1922). | | | Those members of the I.R.A. who opposed the Treaty were referred to as 'Rebels', 'Mutineers', 'Die-Hards', 'Republicans', 'Executive Forces' (after the Army Executive) and 'Rory O'Connor's Men' (after the leader of the faction in the Four Courts). |
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http://www.libraryautomation.com/nymas/irishcivilwar.html
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| | The Anglo-Irish Treaty: Seed of 'The Troubles' -- The Wild Geese Today |
| | The authority of the Irish delegation to sign the treaty at all was certainly in question: | | | This was not a committee that should have given rise to optimism for the Irish cause. | | | n July 11, 1921, a truce was declared between the forces of Great Britain and the Irish Republican Army. |
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http://www.thewildgeese.com/pages/treaty.html
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| | The Anglo-Irish Treaty |
| | Above, Collins defending the Anglo-Irish Treaty to crowds of Irish voters. | | | Failure to do this would result in "an immediate and terrible war." The Anglo-Irish Treaty, the first ever treaty between England and Ireland, was signed by both sides around 2 a.m. | | | After the tedious Treaty discussions, Lloyd George and his British team offered Ireland Free State status coupled with an oath of allegiance. |
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http://www.geocities.com/heathcliffiam/mctreaty.htm
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| | Three Monkeys The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Civil War |
| | The country was to be known as the Irish Free State and the King would be represented by the Governor General. | | | Regardless, in September it passed an Emergency Powers Act, which allowed the Irish army to hold military courts and impose the death penalty for a wide range of offences, including the unauthorised possession of arms. | | | Michael Collins reluctantly agreed to head the team, which was weakened from the offset due to internal frictions and the decision by DeValera, the President of the nominal Irish Republic, not to lead it. |
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http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/threemon_printable.php?id=70
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| | Archives Dept, University College, Dublin |
| | Attorney General, Irish Free State: correspondence on a wide range of issues and concerns with the Cabinet Office (1923), Colonial Office (1923ñ4), Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (1923), Office of the Irish High Commissioner, London (1923ñ4), Governor General, Irish Free State (1922ñ4) and related memoranda from Irish Free State government offices. | | | Dáil Éireann funds: correspondence between George McGrath (Accountant General) and James O’Connor (Counsel for the Irish Free State) (1922ñ4); transcripts of related proceedings in the New York Supreme Court (1922ñ[1927]) and of the Dublin Commission (1923ñ4) including details of plaintiffs’ exhibits ([1919]ñ1923) and reference material for counsel and for the plaintiffs ([1919]ñ1924). | | | International Commission under the Treaty of Conciliation between Romania and the United States of America (1930ñ1) and Second House Commission (1936). |
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http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/homepage/collections/kennedy-hugh.htm
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| | BBC - History - Civil war 1922 - 1923 |
| | Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson was murdered by the IRA in London on 22 June: Lloyd George's government insisted that the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State take action or it would consider the Treaty to have been broken. | | | The Dáil president, Eamon de Valera, opposed the Treaty and when deputies voted in its favour in January 1922 he resigned. | | | The Provisional Government adopted special powers and executed 77 prisoners before the opponents of the Treaty called a cease-fire on 24th May 1923. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/civil_war.shtml
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| | CAIN: Events: Anglo-Irish Agreement - Background Information |
| | The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922 established the Irish Free State. | | | The Forum was attended by the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) from Northern Ireland, and the three main political parties in the Republic, Fianna Fáil (FF), Fine Gael (FG), and the Irish Labour Party. | | | Overall, the British and Irish governments attitudes to the Stormont years in Northern Ireland (1922 to 1972) was one of benign indifference. |
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http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/aia/bac.htm
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| | Triskelle - Irish History - Civil War |
| | Summary: Discord has divided the Irish Republican Army in those against the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irregulars, and those in favour, the Free State Army. | | | The division of Ireland, as agreed with in the Anglo-Irish Treaty, has caused a rift in the Dáil Éireann, the parliament of south Ireland. | | | These anti-Treaty members doubted the authority of Richard Mulcahy, then Minister for Defence and Head of the Irish Republican Army, and refused to recognise the Dáil Éireann, because they accepted the division of Ireland. |
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http://www.vincentpeters.nl/triskelle/history/civilwar.php?index=060.160
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| | Cyndi's List - Ireland & Northern Ireland |
| | Many records were created before Ireland was partitioned and after the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, some, such as the Tithe Applotment Books and National School records were split on a county basis. | | | A brief history of Irish immigration to the United States. | | | Online searchable database of British and Irish country houses with information on over 6,000 houses. |
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http://www.cyndislist.com/ireland.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Irish Free State |
| | Irish Free State (1922-1937), Irish dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations established by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. | | | The Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Founding of the Free State | | | Become a subscriber today and gain access to: |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577629/Irish_Free_State.html
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| | Oath of Allegiance: Information From Answers.com |
| | The Irish Oath of Allegiance was a controversial provision in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which Irish TDs (members of the Irish parliament) and Senators were required to take, in order to take their seats in Dáil Éireann (The Chamber of Deputies) and Seanad Éireann (the Irish Senate). | | | The Oath of Allegiance was actually 'to the Irish Free State as by law established (a line drafted ironically by de Valera in his own proposed oath). | | | The Oath was included in Article 17 of the Irish Free State's 1922 Constitution. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/oath-of-allegiance
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| | The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Anglo-Irish Treaty@ HighBeam Research |
| | In Irish history, articles of agreement between Britain and southern Ireland signed in London in December 1921, which confirmed the end of the Anglo-Irish War (1919-21) but then precipitated the Irish Civil War (1922-23). | | | The settlement created the Irish Free State within the British Commonwealth and endorsed the creation of Northern Ireland. |
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http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:100113687&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf
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| | Dáil Éireann - Volume 257 - 09 December, 1971 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Anglo-Irish Treaty Commemoration. |
| | Begley asked the Taoiseach why no ceremonies were organised at Government level to mark the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. | | | The Taoiseach: It was decided by the Government that the event for which there should be a special State commemoration in relation to the year 1921 was the Anglo-Irish Truce of that year, and the 50th anniversary of the Truce was duly commemorated in July, 1971. | | | You are jealous of them and have never given them their place in Irish history. |
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http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0257/D.0257.197112090007.html
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| | The Anglo |
| | Then in 1922-23, there was a civil war between the free state government led by Michael Collins and the supporters of the Eamon De Valera, who did not agree with accepting the treaty. | | | He had always been against the treaty and began to dismantle it. | | | In 1933 De Valera abolished the oath of allegiance and stopped paying land annuities to Britain these were paid by the Irish farmer who had borrowed money from the British government before 1922 to buy their farmers. |
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http://www.ashfieldgirls.org/4thyear/website23/ANGLO_IRISH_TREATY.htm
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